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 The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of the accounting process and disclosure in the context of the disruption that brings in artificial intelligence by providing an integrated framework, from the perspective of internal development of accounting processes to the external requirements of the disclosure. The framework is based on the following five pillars: digital transformation policies; influence of artificial intelligence on the quality of accounting information; basic principles of intelligent models; governance mechanisms; and related risks. This is a descriptive and analytical study. It discussed the theoretical background and accounting implications of artificial intelligence, proposed a disclosure framework, and then it utilized content and gap analysis to determine to what extent the considered annual report met the requirements of the frameworkThe above analysis was based on the 2024 annual report of Asiacell Communications Company-Private Joint Stock Company. The disclosures of artificial intelligence, digital transformation, applications in accounting and finance, information quality, governance, and technological risk were selected and analyzed together with 24 disclosure items based on the proposed framework. The findings show a large disparity between the technological sophistication of the company and its level of accounting disclosure on artificial intelligence. The fermentations described in the present disclosure examples were at 25%, but only 25% of the disclosures were reached, and disclosures of assumptions underlying predictive models and related risks were missing. The results also suggest that the introduced framework, if adopted, would cover all the 24 disclosure items with a maximum proposed disclosure score of 100%.Also, based on model assumptions, data sources, levels of confidence, responsibilities in governance, and procedures for verification, transparency would be increased, the credibility of accounting estimates would be strengthened, the level of information uncertainty would be decreased, and the level of investor confidence in financial reports produced in an artificial intelligence milieu would be enhanced

As globalization advances and cross-border trade expands, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets are increasingly engaged in foreign currency transactions. This development requires adherence to International Accounting Standard 21 (IAS 21), which addresses the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. While compliance with IAS 21 is vital for ensuring accurate and comparable financial reporting, SMEs often face significant challenges in meeting these requirements due to limited financial resources, technical expertise, and access to appropriate accounting infrastructure. This integrative review consolidates existing academic and industry literature to identify key obstacles encountered by SMEs in implementing IAS 21. These challenges include difficulties in selecting appropriate exchange rates, translating foreign operations, and maintaining up-to-date accounting systems. Guided by institutional theory, contingency theory, and the resource-based view, the study examines how external institutional pressures and internal resource constraints impact compliance levels among SMEs. The review also discusses the implications for financial reporting quality, investor confidence, and policy development within emerging economies. The findings underscore the importance of simplified regulatory guidance, capacity-building efforts, and customized support frameworks to close the compliance gap and strengthen the financial transparency of SMEs operating in international markets

This study evaluates the effects and challenges faced by South African state-owned insurance enterprises in adopting International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 17, mainly the effects on financial reporting and contract transparency. Research purpose: The study analyses IFRS 17’s effect on the financial reporting practices and the transparency of insurance contracts within these enterprises. This is the first study to explore IFRS 17’s effects on South African state-owned non-life insurance enterprises from a finance management and executive perspective. It aims to identify key challenges and benefits of implementation while assessing its impact on accounting information quality. A qualitative approach was used, with semi-structured virtual interviews conducted among finance executives and management. Data was analysed using ATLAS.ti software to identify themes and patterns related to IFRS 17 adoption. The study found that IFRS 17 adoption has significantly improved transparency and comparability in financial statements, enhancing clarity in presenting insurance contracts. However, challenges such as the complexity of the standard, increased demand for technical expertise and resource allocation issues were identified. It is recommended that finance executives receive additional training and support to navigate IFRS 17 complexities. Strengthening regulatory frameworks will help maximise transparency and financial reporting improvements while mitigating implementation challenges. This study provides valuable insights into IFRS 17 adoption within state-owned insurers, highlighting its benefits and challenges to support informed decision-making in the adoption and implementation of the international accounting standard.

The current research aims to examine the accounting of digital assets by linking accounting measurement theory to financial disclosure requirements, in light of the challenges related to the absence of specialized international accounting standards for digital assets. The research was divided into two parts: theoretical and applied. The theoretical part included a review of the literature related to accounting measurement (historical cost, fair value, and impairment model) and financial disclosure requirements according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) and American standards (FASB, AICPA, and SEC). The applied part used a questionnaire and administered to a sample of financial report users, including academics and professionals, to obtain their opinions on the adequacy of current measurement models, financial disclosure requirements, and shortcomings in international standards. It also explored the possibility of formulating an integrated framework for measuring and disclosing digital assets. The results of the analysis of the questionnaire showed that fair value measurement is more appropriate for the nature of digital assets than traditional models, with the need to enhance disclosure of risks associated with price volatility, liquidity, and operational risks. It also showed that the absence of a specific accounting standard for digital assets leads to poor comparability and increased variation in accounting practices across economic entities. Based on the survey results, an integrated theoretical framework for accounting for digital assets was proposed. This framework includes principles of recognition, measurement, and disclosure, and contributes to achieving the objectives of financial reporting in accordance with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) conceptual framework, ensuring relevance, accurate representation, comparability, clarity, and timeliness. The study concluded that developing a specialized accounting framework for digital assets represents a strategic necessity to ensure the reliability and transparency of financial reporting and enhance user confidence, given the rapid growth in the adoption of digital assets within global economic activities.  

This research aims to demonstrate the role of financial statements (balance sheet) in reporting the risks faced by government units and the extent of the risks within these units, in addition to demonstrating the steps through which risks can be managed in these units, whether they are governmental or private economic units. Financial risks are one of the problems facing economic units, whether private or governmental. In turn, decision-makers, both internal and external, work to measure the financial risks facing these units. Therefore, the research problem is as follows, Do financial position statement contribute to reporting financial risks in governmental units (Baghdad Municipality)? In order to achieve the research objectives, the financial position statement of the Baghdad Municipality Department (a government unit) was used, and a set of indicators was used to reach a judgment on the presence or absence of risks, as well as the level of risks facing this unit. It was found that there is a possibility of knowing the risks through the financial position statement, in addition to discovering that the level of risks facing this unit (Baghdad Municipality) is considered high.    

Numerous government bodies continue to experience difficulties in accounting for historical assets. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the identification, quantification, presentation, and disclosure of historical assets, particularly the Situs Watu Gong in Malang, East Java. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the concept of identifying, measuring, presenting, and also exposing historical assets through the use of a qualitative technique and a case study at the Situs Watu Gong. The data collection approaches used were observation, interviewing, and documentation. As a result of this investigation, it was determined that the manager of the Situs Watu Gong did not properly account for previous assets. The manager of the Situs Watu Gong should have valued historical assets at cost and measured them using the cost technique. Historic assets are classed as fixed assets and are not included in PPE (Plant, Property, and Equipment) on the balance sheet.

In this study giving general information about factoring, which is an alternative financing technique, regarding the recognition of the factoring transactions within the scope of the Turkish Accounting Standards, by presenting a sample application in particular regard of an export transaction in relation to the accounting records which have to be done by the company that gives factoring service and receives the factoring service, a contribution to the acconting literature is put forward. In the study, it is shown that, even though the Uniform Accounting Plan which the factoring companies and the companies which use a factoring service in their accounting records differ from each other, recognition of it within the scope of the Turkish Accounting Standards is a basis. The fundamental principle of the accounting records of the company which assigns the receivables that generate from the exporting by entering into an agreement of factoring is the recognition of the income according to the fair value, by reflecting the amount which the income waits to gain the when assigning, and by separating the income which is actualised and not actualised.