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Capital financing plays a crucial role in sustaining the growth potential of pharmaceutical companies, enabling them to expand operations and compete effectively in the market. In the face of a slowing global economy, maintaining solid financial performance across existing business lines becomes increasingly important. This study aims to examine the relationship between capital structure and the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia. The research sample consists of nine publicly listed pharmaceutical firms over the period 2013–2023. The empirical analysis employs three panel data estimation approaches—Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS), Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and Random Effects Model (REM)—to account for different assumptions about unobserved firm-specific characteristics. Based on the Hausman test, FEM is determined as the most suitable model for the dataset. The estimation results reveal that the Long-term Debt to Total Assets (LDTA) ratio exerts a statistically significant negative effect on Return on Assets (ROA), indicating that a higher proportion of long-term debt tends to reduce profitability. Conversely, the Short-term Debt to Total Assets (SDTA) and Total Debt to Total Equity (TDTE) ratios have positive but statistically insignificant impacts on ROA, suggesting that neither short-term liabilities nor overall leverage significantly influence profitability in the observed period. These results imply that excessive reliance on long-term borrowing can impose interest burdens and financial constraints, thereby weakening performance. Consequently, financial managers in the pharmaceutical sector are encouraged to optimize their financing structure, prioritizing internal funds or short-term financing sources that align with operational needs and market conditions to sustain profitability and ensure long-term competitiveness.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of goals for sustainable development which are consist of 17 goals that are expected to be achieved by 2030. 91% of Indonesia's territory is a rural area, consisting of more than 17,000 islands, almost 7500 villages. The villages contribute about 74% to the achievement of the national SDGs. Indonesia implements The Village SDGs which have 18 goals. The 18th goal is to achieve dynamic village institutions and adaptive village culture designed to accommodate various local cultures that characterize village management and are still applied by the community. Almost all district in Indonesia do not yet have a mapping of the status of achieving the Village SDGs. It will be easier for the district government to prioritize village development programs according to the needs of each village. In this study, research variables that measure 17 village goals will be used and grouped into 4 aspects, namely economic aspects, environmental aspects, health and education aspects and welfare aspects. Because village SDGs data is a mixture of numeric and categorical, ROCK ensemble analysis is used which is a grouping method for mixed data. In this study, it was found that the majority of villages in Sidoarjo Regency were still lagging behind in the fields of economy, health, education, and community welfare. This can be seen in the number of villages that are included in the low group based on the results of the analysis.

The Covid-19 pandemic has occurred in Indonesia since March 2020. The pandemic period required adjustments in all sectors of life, including changes in people's behavior, namely spending more time at home. Changes in people’s behavior are needed to break the chain of Covid-19 transmissions, one of which is the implementation of Health protocols. Research on the behavior of the Indonesian people in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic includes public knowledge and understanding, compliance in implementing the 3M health protocols, and the important factors that influence changes in people's behavior to comply with the health protocol. Data was collected by distributing online questionnaires, surveys to crowd locations and FGDs. National online and offline surveys are divided into 3 regions, namely Java, West Indonesia and East Indonesia. The analysis was carried out using statistical methods, namely dependency analysis, factor analysis, and multinomial regression. The conclusion is that people who have implemented the 3M protocol and have confidence in the effectiveness of 3M tend to believe that the 3M protocol is important to continue to be implemented. In addition, it is known that social media, TV, and online media almost always ranked in the top three of the most media respondents to get information about the importance of implementing health protocols.  

This research aims to investigate the factors influencing the households in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Indonesia to use seasonal forecast issued by the Meteorological Office (BMKG) Indonesia. NTT is a highly vulnerable region to drought, and hence, understanding the weather and climate condition is a crucial issue. Household survey was conducted to interview 300 households in NTT asking about their intention to utilize the forecast information in supporting their livelihood. Furthermore, this research investigates whether the households characteristics influencing the intention. Using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART), we found that the intention to use forecast is dominantly influenced by age of the household head, ownership of household assets, main source of income, crop and livestock activities and water source for livestock.