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In the labour relations literature, groups such as women, students, youth, youth who are neither employed nor in education or training (15-29-year-olds) disabled people, and retirees are accepted as “disadvantaged”. Although the employment of disadvantaged groups or unemployment indicators vary across countries, the employment of disadvantaged groups appears to be a common problem in many countries. In this context, in this study, it was conducted to investigate the dissimilarity of some disadvantaged groups in terms of employment and unemployment among OECD countries, including women, youth, youth who are neither employed nor in education or training. The most dissimilar countries tried to be determined in terms of variables handled within OECD countries. This determination was considered important to make comparisons correctly between countries. Since the most recent data in OECD and World Bank databases belong to 2018, countries that belong to this year and cover the most variables whenever possible are tried to be addressed. Multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) was used in the research. In macro studies, Cluster or MDS analyses are generally preferred for cross country comparisons. MDS analysis is a method especially used to determine the dissimilarity between units. In this study, it was found that Turkey was the most dissimilar country in other OECD countries in terms of the variables that are used in the study. This study is due diligence and the results should not be considered as good or bad. There are very good examples of countries in the field of employment and social policy, and it is also important to evaluate the locations according to these countries in determining the main results.  

In this study, the extent of flexible working patterns beginning to replace the conventional working models is examined in companies in Turkey and Germany and the extent of flexible working patterns in the two countries is compared. The objectives of the study are to determine the prevalence of these patterns and to find out the similarities and differences regarding flexible working in the two countries. The flexible working patterns focused on in this study are weekend work, shiftwork, overtime work, part-time work, job sharing, flexitime, fixed-term contracts, home-based work, telecommuting, and compressed workweeks. The research, which is designed with the last round database of the CRANET Survey on Comparative Human Resource Management Research, includes the companies in Turkey and Germany of the 35 participating countries (154 companies from Turkey and 278 companies from Germany which makes a total of 432 companies). In the findings section, first of all, the prevalence of each flexible working pattern in the two countries has been presented. Chi-square analysis has been conducted for each of the flexible working patterns to find out if there are any significant differences in the prevalence of these models in the two countries. As a result, it is determined that the extent of the nine flexible working patterns differed in the two countries. This is to say that the prevalence of several flexible working patterns ensuring the work-life balance of the employees is higher in Germany whereas flexible patterns used for economic reasons and do not add value to the work-life balance of the employees are usually prevalent in Turkey. The only similarity between the two countries is the use of home-based work.