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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are crucial to Zambia’s economic growth but continue to face challenges in sustaining profitability. This study examined the effect of firm characteristics on SME profitability, aiming to (i) identify the most influential characteristic and (ii) analyse their relationships with profitability. The characteristics assessed included firm size, firm age, debt finance, liquidity, and sales growth. Data were collected from 270 SMEs registered with the Patents and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA) across seven urban centres: Livingstone, Lusaka, Kabwe, Ndola, Kitwe, Chingola, and Chililabombwe, using structured, face-to-face questionnaires. Systematic random sampling was employed, and data were analysed using factor analysis, Pearson correlation, regression, and Chi-square tests. Results showed that firm characteristics collectively have a significant effect on SME profitability, though individual relationships were weak and statistically insignificant. Among the characteristics, sales growth had the strongest influence. However, regression results (R² = 0.002, F = 0.237, p = 0.790) indicated very weak predictive power, suggesting that firm characteristics explain only 0.2% of profitability variance. This implies that SME profitability in Zambia is influenced by the combined interaction of factors rather than individual characteristics. The study contributes new insights by identifying sales growth as the most influential factor, highlighting that sales growth drives SME profitability even in resource-constrained contexts like Zambia. Policymakers should prioritise integrated strategies that foster sales growth through innovation, market diversification, and digital marketing, while enhancing liquidity through accessible, low-interest financing. Financial policy reforms should prioritize accessible, low-interest financing mechanisms that enhance liquidity and sustainable debt utilisation.

This study examines the most significant challenges facing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa, drawing on firm-level data from the 2022 World Bank Enterprise Survey. Using probit regression analysis, it explores how firm size, sector, geographic location, and female ownership influence the severity of perceived business constraints—namely, access to finance, infrastructure, regulation, workforce skills, crime, and the informal sector. The results indicate that sectoral differences are the strongest predictors of obstacle severity. Due to their capital and logistics needs, sectors such as Fabricated Metal Products, Construction, and Retail face heightened financial and transport challenges. Regionally, firms outside Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Western Cape report more severe infrastructure issues, particularly electricity, while those within these provinces face greater skills shortages. Medium-sized firms generally report fewer constraints than smaller firms. Female ownership is not a consistent determinant of obstacle severity; however, firms without female ownership perceive corruption and crime as slightly less severe. These findings underscore the need for targeted, sector- and region-specific policy responses, particularly in enhancing financial access for capital-intensive industries and addressing regional disparities in infrastructure and workforce development.

Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a key part of socio-economic development in South Africa by providing employment, generating incomes, and alleviating poverty. Despite their significance, South African SMEs continue to register high failure rates, low growth rates, and short lifespan, particularly in unstable industries. Existing research has consistently cantered on the determinants of firm performance but has been remiss in considering the combined effect of firm size, financial turnover, and performance on lifespan in SMEs—specifically in diversified industrial settings. Bridging the research gap in extant research, the present research considered the interrelationship between the aforementioned variables in the best-performing and poorest-performing industries in South Africa, Manufacturing and Construction industries. The study used a correlational research design and collected data from 204 SMEs using structured questionnaires to gauge the number of employees, turnover per year, and operation period in years. Pearson correlation analysis established that in the Manufacturing industry, longevity was weakly and significantly interrelated with turnover and size but in the Construction industry was weak or statistically non-significant. Contrastingingly, when both industries were combined together, weak but statistically significant interrelationship was established between longevity and both turnover and size, but a strongly positive interrelationship was established between turnover and size. The results conclude that firm size and financial performance are key drivers of the lifespan of SMEs, especially in more stable industries.

In highly competitive market conditions, it is vital to innovate for the firms in order to survive. The profitability, market share, consumer satisfaction and global competitiveness of the firms mainly depend on their competency of the production of the successful innovations providing for the firm competitive advantage. In this context, main aim of the study is to investigate the effects and determinants of the innovations in the firm level by considering a firm operating in white goods sector in Turkey. Main result of the study is that innovations have important effects on performance indicator of the firm. For this reason, firms have to focus on the production of the innovations providing sustainable competitiveness and profitability by implementing appropriate policies.