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This paper aims to examine the effects of leisure crafting on leisure satisfaction from a self-determination theory perspective. In this paper, it is also aimed to evaluate the mediating role of leisure benefits and the moderating role of work–leisure conflict within an integrated theoretical framework. We employed a quantitative analytical approach using structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses and assess both direct and indirect relationships among the variables. A dataset of 325 hospitality industry newcomers in northern Taiwan was collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed to examine the relationships among leisure crafting, leisure benefits, leisure satisfaction, and work–leisure conflict. Main findings of the study demonstrate that (i) leisure crafting has a significant positive effect on leisure benefits, indicating that proactive adjustment of leisure activities enhances psychological and social gains; (ii) leisure benefits significantly mediate the relationship between leisure crafting and leisure satisfaction, suggesting that psychological need satisfaction functions as a key explanatory mechanism; and finally (iii) work–leisure conflict negatively moderates the relationship between leisure crafting and leisure benefits, such that higher levels of conflict weaken the positive influence of leisure crafting on perceived benefits. Overall, the results extend the application of self-determination theory to the leisure domain and provide empirical evidence for the motivational mechanisms underlying leisure satisfaction in high work-demand contexts.

African cultural values and the indigenous knowledge system profoundly shape the gender roles and recreational participation of African people. These values are complex and represent the core beliefs and ideals that influence a community's perception of what constitutes appropriate and desirable behaviour for members of African social institutions. The aim of this literature review is to explore and establish how gender roles shape the recreational participation of Africans, drawing on an Afrocentric perspective to critique and contextualise existing literature. African indigenous knowledge systems reveal that gender roles influence the recreational participation of Africans. The literature further indicated that Afrocentric recreation is not viewed merely as a leisure-time activity but as an integral part of community lifestyle, identity formation, healing, and an intergenerational knowledge-transmission system for Africans. The literature concludes that the Afrocentric perspective reinterpreted gender roles that significantly influence the recreational participation of Africans. informed by African indigenous knowledge systems. It is very logical to conclude that Africans perceive recreation as a holistic, communal, and spiritually grounded activity, in stark contrast to the individualistic, binary-oriented models that characterise dominant Western paradigms.

Afrocentric recreational participation patterns among rural-based adults in South African social systems are complex and deeply embedded within all the social institutions. The core principles of recreational participation are neglected within those structures, which undermines the intended roles of recreation within the broader social ecosystem. The purpose of this systematic review is to critique and synthesize existing literature on the Afrocentric recreational participation patterns of rural-based adults in South Africa. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases, which include PubMed, Google Scholar, AJOL, Scopus, and CINAHL for studies published between 2015 and 2025 academic year. This review is in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic review. A total of 68,188 studies were initially identified and screened according to the inclusion criteria. ultimately, 41 peer-reviewed studies were systematically reviewed and synthesized. The findings reveal age- and gender-based disparities among participants' Afrocentric recreational participation patterns. Male participants aged 45-50 years have predominantly engaged in agricultural recreational activities such as agritourism and afritainment, spending 3-4 hours once or twice a week. In contrast, female participants focused on passive domestic recreational activities, spending 4-5 hours daily. The literature further shows that both genders participated in digital recreational activities, including social media, music, and television, with males spending 1-2 hours daily. Although there is a common set of recreational activities, the frequency and duration of participation vary across different social systems. The study recommends integrating the principles of recreational participation into existing recreational structures to maximise the positive health and social outcomes of the Afrocentric recreational activities

Shrimp fishing, a unique leisure activity in Taiwan, provides an important recreational option for local residents. Guided by self-determination theory, this study investigates how leisure motivation and leisure involvement affect perceived leisure benefits, with leisure satisfaction as a mediator. A survey from 359 shrimp fishing participants and structural equation modeling, results how that both leisure motivation and involvement positively influence leisure benefits, with leisure satisfaction acting as a partial mediator. Moreover, leisure motivation exerts stronger direct and indirect effects than involvement. These findings contribute to the literature by extending self-determination theory in leisure research and provide practical guidance for venue operators and managers in enhancing consumer engagement, improving service design, and sustaining cultural leisure industries.