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This study empirically investigates hierarchical endogeneity and shock transmission among three major international stock markets the S&P 500, FTSE 100, and Nikkei 225 from 2010 to 2023. Utilizing a Vector Autoregression framework and Granger causality test, the research examines the direction and strength of cross-market dependencies. The findings reveal a clear, asymmetric structure where the US market acts as the primary exogenous driver, with unidirectional causality flowing from the S&P 500 to both the FTSE 100 and Nikkei 225. A secondary channel of influence from the UK to Japan was also identified. Forecast error variance decomposition confirms the US market's dominance, explaining over 25% of the movements in the UK's financial market and 18.7% of Japan's forecast error variance, while remaining largely insulated from feedback. The findings of this study suggest that international markets are characterized by hierarchical endogeneity, challenging notions of symmetric interdependence and highlighting significant implications for financial stability frameworks making a noteworthy contribution.

Financial markets are a system of complex price dynamics that are often influenced by various nonlinear factors. Traditional linear models often do not capture the inherent nonlinearities that exist between them. The aim of this study was to examine the interconnectedness of global financial markets using a multivariate Granger causality framework, focusing the United States, Europe, Asia, and emerging markets. Daily closing share prices spanning 13 years were utilised (January 2010 to December 2023) to analyze the shock transmission dynamics. The findings revealed unidirectional causality from the U.S. to European, Japanese, and Emerging markets, underscoring its dominant role in global financial networks. Conversely, European and Asian markets exhibit no reverse causality on the United States, highlighting asymmetrical interdependence. Notably, China’s Shanghai Composite Granger-causes Emerging market returns, reflecting its rising influence. These insights challenge conventional models that underestimate multilateral linkages, demonstrating that financial integration has intensified bidirectional interactions between Emerging markets and developed markets. By implication, investors should reassess exposure to dominant markets like the U.S. and China’s growing sway over Emerging economies while policymakers should prioritize cross-border spillover monitoring and systemic risk frameworks to address asymmetrical dependencies. Also, institutions must adopt nonlinear models to better capture shock transmission and evolving interdependencies, enhancing resilience against contagion.

The aim of this study was to investigate phase distribution and phase correlation dynamics across international financial markets to uncover cyclical patterns, synchronization, and contagion effects. The sample financial markets were the S&P 500, DAX, Nikkei 225, FTSE 100, Shanghai Composite, BSE Sensex with daily closing prices ranging from 2018–2023. Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform complemented by Phase Concentration Index, Kuiper tests, and Granger causality, the results reveal distinct phase clustering in the Shanghai and BSE Sensex. Developed markets exhibit lower volatility clustering (S&P 500: 28% high-volatility phases) but stronger cross-market synchronization (S&P-DAX: 0.82 correlation), underscoring their interconnectedness. The S&P 500 emerges as a global anchor, Granger-causing European and Asian markets with 1.8–3.5-day lags. Crisis periods, particularly COVID-19, amplify synchronization (average correlation=0.92), while non-crisis phases show market-specific volatility (correlation=0.65). Emerging markets demonstrate regional co-movement (Shanghai-BSE: 0.73), offering diversification opportunities. The findings highlight the hierarchical structure of global markets, where developed economies drive cycles, while emerging markets remain prone to instability. This study advances phase-based methodologies as tools for systemic risk monitoring, providing insights into crisis contagion and investor strategies balancing short-term synchronization with long-term diversification.