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Despite decades of investment in HIV prevention, South Africa continues to experience high rates of new infections among youth aged 15 to 24. This integrative literature review study explores how prevention fatigue and the normalization of HIV have contributed to a growing crisis of complacency among young people, leading to emotional disengagement and declining participation in prevention efforts. Guided by social constructivism, the Health Belief Model (HBM), and the concept of prevention fatigue, the study systematically reviewed peer-reviewed literature, national policy documents, and program evaluations published between 2010 and 2024. Thematic analysis revealed three key findings: a diminished perception of HIV risk due to normalization; emotional burnout and desensitization stemming from repetitive prevention messaging; and a disconnection between traditional HIV communication strategies and the lived digital, cultural, and social realities of youth. The study argues that knowledge alone is insufficient to sustain behavior change and calls for a fundamental shift in prevention strategy design. Recommendations include the use of emotionally intelligent messaging, digital innovation, and youth-led content creation to re-energize prevention efforts. This study contributes to the discourse by reframing youth disengagement not as ignorance, but as a product of systemic oversaturation and social repositioning of HIV in the post-crisis era.

Teenage pregnancy remains a significant and multifaceted public health concern within the South African context. This public health threat has led to a disproportionate prevalence of HIV among female youth, along with increased maternal and child mortality rates. This retrospective cohort study employed birth record data from South Africa. This study utilises descriptive statistics and the Pearson Chi-Square Test of Independence to analyse the statistical differences in the prevalence of teenage pregnancy. The Global Moran’s I was employed to analyse spatial autocorrelation, and the Local Moran’s I was subsequently utilised to identify hotspots of teenage pregnancy. In the past decade, births to mothers under the age of 20 constituted 13.0% of a total of 9,609,356 births, amounting to 1,249,074 births. Teenage pregnancy rates were markedly elevated from 2014 to 2018 in comparison to the period from 2019 to 2023 (13.7% versus 12.3%, p<0.001). Late registration of teenage births occurred at a significantly higher rate (34.8%, p<0.001). The Global Moran’s I value of 0.5641 (z-score=6.29; p<0.001) demonstrates a strong and statistically significant positive spatial autocorrelation. The Local Moran’s I identified two significant High-High clusters extending from northern KwaZulu-Natal into the Eastern Cape. This study's findings highlight the necessity for a focused intervention to tackle teenage pregnancy in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, concentrating on the identified hotspots. Interventions should prioritise comprehensive sex education for youth and enhance access to contraception and family planning services. District-level health departments can utilise these findings to identify and prioritise high-risk areas. Spatial insights should guide local planning, particularly regarding outreach and mobile health services.

Teenagers' ignorance and reckless decision-making lead to poor consequences for their sexual and reproductive health. This could be exacerbated by teenagers looking for information from unreliable sources such as the internet and social media. This emphasizes the importance of communication between parents and teenagers about sexual health practices. There is an increasing number of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV among teenagers in South Africa. This study aimed to explore the measures to improve parent-teen sexual health communication in rural Mpumalanga province, South Africa. This qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research was conducted using individual in-depth interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select parents who had teenagers aged 12 to 19 years. Content analysis by Tesch’s approach was used for data analysis. The research process was guided by ethical principles which were applied throughout the study. The study findings revealed four themes such as setting up a forum for parent-teen engagement at health centres, open family communication, community sexual health support structures and sexual and reproductive health education. There is a need to improve sexual reproductive health communication between parents to teenagers. The study findings revealed suggestions to improve communication for the future and this will encourage parents to communicate with their teenagers in future such as concerning sexual health. Ensuring that teenagers have access to sexual and reproductive health services contributes to fulfilling their sexual and reproductive rights, providing them with more choices to best suit their needs and empowering them.