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This study examined the efficacy of the internal control systems at a TVET College in the Vhembe district, emphasising the five essential components of an internal control system: the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication processes, and monitoring. This research utilises a sample of 52 permanent employees. The selected responders possess familiarity with internal control systems and are engaged in the development and execution of the organization's internal control system. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and cumulative percentages, were employed for analysis. The study's findings indicated that the institution's control environment was predominantly effective, whilst the remaining four components of its internal control system were moderately effective. The researcher determined that the institution's internal control system was moderately effective. The findings indicate that TVET College management should prioritise the enhancement of internal control systems to improve operational efficiency and risk management. The research emphasises the necessity for policies that fosters the ongoing enhancement of internal controls, potentially resulting in stronger governance and accountability inside the organisation.

Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies are important economic institutions that offer credit and other financial services in many developing countries, including Kenya. However, their performance is impacted by several factors, including high competition. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) serves as a tool of strategic value, enabling organizations harmonize their activities with their strategic goals. In Kenya, despite the significant contributions Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies deliver to economic growth, few studies have examined factors that affect their performance. The goal of this study was to examine the correlation between the perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard and the competitiveness of Savings and Credit Cooperatives located in Kajiado County, Kenya. The specific aims of the study included assessing how the perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard, namely, financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business processes, and learning and growth perspective, affect the competitiveness. of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies within Kajiado County. This study was anchored on the theoretical frameworks of Balanced Score Card, Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities theory. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey research design, guided by objectivism as an ontological approach, a positivist epistemology, and a deductive approach for data collection and analysis. The study’s target population included the deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kajiado County (N= 22). Purposive sampling was employed to identify 22 Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies and 32 personnel members from the 5 main sub counties. Data collection involved the utilization of a structured questionnaire self-administered by the respondents themselves. The data collected was analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, encompassing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The relationship between distinct independent variables and company competitiveness was analyzed using multiple regression. The critical value for regression was 0.05, and the 95% confidence interval was used. The study found a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between SACCO competitiveness and customer perspective (r = .899, p = .000). Also, a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation was found to exist between financial perspective and SACCO competitiveness (r = .841, p = .000). A similar strong positive correlation was observed between internal business processes and SACCO competitiveness (r = .805, p = .001). Similarly, learning and growth exhibited a strong, positive correlation with SACCO competitiveness (r = .817, p = .001). Some of the balanced score card perspectives, such as financial and customer perspectives, positively predict SACCO competitiveness. The relationships are also statistically significant. However, internal business process and learning and growth, negatively predict SACCO competitiveness. The relationships are not statistically significant. It was recommended that the management of SACCOs should enhance the customer perspective and the financial perspective to boost competitiveness, while strengthening the other perspectives.

The focus of this study was to examine the mediating effects of operational efficiency on the relationship between budgeting practices (budget planning and budget participation) and financial performance among 3D printing SMMEs in South Africa. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. The stratified sampling technique was used to select 3D printing SMMEs in South Africa. A total of two hundred and fifty (250) managers and employees of 3D printing SMMEs formed the sample size of the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software versions 26 and Smart PLS 4 were used to analyze the data gathered. PLS-Structural Equation Modelling was used to test the hypothesis for both direct and mediation effects. The results indicate that a significant negative relationship exists between budget planning and financial performance, as well as budget participation and financial performance. Significant positive relationships were found to exist between the following variables: budget planning and operational efficiency, budget participation and operational efficiency, and operational efficiency and financial performance. Operational efficiency was found to mediate the relationship between budget planning and financial performance as well as budget participation and financial performance. The results imply that the implementation of budgeting practices such as budget planning and budget participation in 3D printing SMME is not enough to achieve financial performance unless operational efficiency is given the utmost attention in 3D printing SMMEs in South Africa.

This paper aimed to systematically review the literature on management accounting research among small businesses in emerging economies. The study analysed 69 management accounting survey articles on small businesses that were published between 2013 and 2023 using a database-driven search strategy. This analysis synthesised the results into five themes: utilisation of management accounting, factors affecting its use, and its effects on firm performance. It further identified a theme in the management accounting frameworks developed for SMEs in emerging economies as well as the role of government in supporting the implementation of MAPs among SMEs. This study found that general SMEs in developing countries are low adopters of management accounting; those that are using MAPs widely apply the traditional systems. In addition, the study noted that the usage of MAPs is influenced by numerous factors that are similar in different countries. The present view indicates that there is limited research on models or frameworks that have been developed to improve the easy application of management accounting in SMEs. There is a need for more research to be conducted on providing solutions to the low adoption level and how the barriers to the application of MAPs can be overcome by SMEs in emerging economies, instead of just identifying the constraints.

Performance Based Budgeting carried out in Indonesian private higher education found lots of constraints. Apart from factors of cultural work, leadership, and negative perceptions of the community academics, obstacles, and budget limitations are big challenges. This study examines field data related challenge of performance-based budgeting in Indonesian private higher education in particular linked with budget limitations. This study uses a quantitative method with an equipped open questionnaire for getting input about the implementation of performance-based budgeting that is recommended in finance management finance in Indonesian private higher education. Respondents were heads of financial management at 213 private universities in Indonesia. Statistical results show that budget limitations have a significant negative effect on performance-based budgeting in terms of performance orientation of -0.824, implementation flexibility of -0.634, and functional approach of -0.654. Furthermore, proposal optimization of performance-based budgeting with challenging Budget limitations is discussed.

The purpose of this study is to explore the performance measurement approach of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the South Durban region of South Africa. It has long been known that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in economic growth and income distribution in the world's major economies. However, due to globalisation, the fourth industrial revolution and increased competition from multinationals, South African SMEs face new challenges in measuring their performance. To respond to these challenges, SMEs must adopt efficient and effective performance measurement models. However, currently, according to the researchers, there is no such performance measurement framework. This study aims, among others, to close this gap in the literature. This study uses a deductive, positivist research design to comprehensively explore performance measurement practices in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a given region. Based on Morgan's sample size table, size 217 was chosen. The use of financial and non-financial performance measures is preferred by SMEs as it shows better performance compared to only one measure. In addition, the study found a positive correlation between business size and age, indicating that larger businesses tend to be older.The results of this study help to understand the complex relationship between job dimensions, age, and performance, highlighting the importance of choosing appropriate performance measures. Future research is recommended to gain a deeper understanding of these relationships and how they vary across contexts and sectors.