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The unprecedented rate of urbanization across the world has led to increased demand for good, affordable housing. This research was conducted to ascertain the reasons and challenges of urbanization on housing shortages in Gaborone, Botswana. The focal point of this study was to assess the impact of urbanization on the demand of housing in Gaborone, Botswana. Thereafter the study recommended astute strategies desirable to curb the problem of urbanization and scarcity of accommodation in Gaborone. This research used a descriptive research design and distributed questionnaires to Gaborone residents during data collection. The researchers used stratified and clustered sampling methods. The study results indicated the need for better educational facilities and employment opportunities as the major causes of urbanization in Gaborone. Shortage of housing, high rentals and escalating land prices were also identified as some of the major challenges of urbanization in Gaborone. The study recommended that the government to introduce rent control measures to restrict rising prices, the private sector should be encouraged to further participate in the provision of accommodation for different income groups to be sold or leased at subsidized rates. The study also recommended the government to buy plenty of land and real estate, to reduce speculative behaviour of land barons.

The focus of the study was to assess the role of Presidential Issued Identity Cards (PIDs) in alleviating the street vendor’s business challenges in Dar es Salaam. Specifically, the study aimed to examine the influence of Presidential Identity Cards in alleviating the street vending business challenges, explore factors inhibiting the utilization of Vendors IDs cards in alleviating the street vendors’ challenges and identify the nature (financial, social relation, special) of problem that was solved by the establishment of PIDs. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam city, where a sample of 130 respondents was selected. The study collected primary data by using questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for descriptive and multiple regression analysis. The study found that Presidential Identity Cards have no significant influence on the reduction of street vendor business challenges. Furthermore, the study found that the establishment of PIDs fails to solve numerous problems facing street vendors, these are; financial, business problems, social problems and lack of permanent areas. The study concludes that despite the provision of Presidential Identity Cards to street vendors, most of the street vendors are lacking business support from the appropriate authorities. The study recommends that the provision of PIDs to street vendors should target to reduce challenges facing street vendors.