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This paper analyses the impact of economic globalisation on income inequality in Botswana, emphasising both direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. The study utilises annual time-series data from 1990 to 2023, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Toda–Yamamoto Distributed Lag (TYDL) Granger causality method to examine the interrelations among economic globalisation, trade openness, inflation, economic growth, and income inequality. The results indicate a consistent long-term link among the variables, wherein economic globalisation diminishes income disparity, whilst broader globalisation and trade openness likely to intensify it. The causation findings indicate that both economic globalisation and globalisation directly impact income disparity, while globalisation also indirectly influences inequality via inflation. Real GDP per capita indirectly affects inequality via globalisation, while exports directly contribute to inequality. The study indicates that while economic globalisation fosters economic growth and integration, its advantages are inequitably allocated. It advocates for inclusive economic globalisation policies, targeted fiscal redistribution, financial inclusion, and export diversification to guarantee equitable and sustainable growth in Botswana.

Almost half of South Africa's population still lives in poverty, despite the abolishment of the oppressive apartheid regime since April 1994. The majority of the populace is impoverished and unable to enjoy sustainable life and progress. Therefore, this paper is here by analysing poverty in post-apartheid South Africa by looking at what still causing poverty after so many years of freedom and how poverty effects the communities and what solutions can be adopted overcome the situation. A qualitative research methodology was used to collect data. Particularly, a systematic literature review was used. The researchers have reviewed published articles and reports about poverty. Based on the findings it is evident that poverty in South Africa is caused by challenges such as pandemics, poor health and education systems, climate change, economic inequality etc. Therefore, the paper recommends various actions to be taken such as striving to enhance economic output.

Since the conclusion of apartheid in 1994, South Africa has witnessed notable economic growth; however, poverty and income inequality continue to be widespread issues. Despite economic growth, poverty and income inequality remain prevalent, with millions of South Africans living below the poverty line and encountering substantial obstacles to economic opportunities. This research examines the connections among economic growth, poverty alleviation, and income inequality in South Africa, utilising data from 1993 to 2023. This study employs various econometric models, specifically Vector Error Correction (VECM), Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), and Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), to examine the relationships among economic growth, poverty reduction, and income inequality in South Africa. The findings indicate that economic growth has a positive effect on poverty reduction, while simultaneously exerting a negative influence on income inequality. The research indicates that employment and access to electricity are essential determinants in alleviating poverty and income inequality. This study recommends that policymakers prioritise investments in education, job training, and infrastructure development, especially in rural areas, to foster inclusive economic growth and mitigate poverty and income inequality. Policymakers should enact measures to enhance electricity access and foster employment opportunities within the formal sector.

Income inequality is a pervasive problem in South Africa and particularly affects the Eastern Cape, where poverty levels remain high despite several efforts to address this societal issue. The datasets from 1499 households used for this study, were extracted from the 2021 South African General Household Survey. This study thus examined the distributional pattern of households’ income inequality in Eastern Cape, South Africa, through the use of exploratory data analysis and application of regression-based decomposition of inequality. The EDA results revealed that relatively older households are more concentrated than those young people, female-headed households were also predominant in the study area, while the majority of the households are Black South Africans. The magnitude of the monetary variables’ departure from the mean inferred clear evidence of a widened households’ income disparity or inequality in the study area. The decomposition analysis indicated the contributions of various socioeconomic factors to income inequality. The findings from the regression-based decomposition of inequality found household size, access to basic infrastructure services, possession of assets, internet communication facilities, and households’ population group, as the major drivers of the households’ income inequality in the province, while livelihood diversity has a relatively moderate proportionate contribution. On the other hand, factors such as age and gender of the household head, as well as households’ involvements in agriculture have a minor effect on the households’ income inequality. This paper finally concludes that the relative contributions of each factor contributing to inequality were deemed important for designing effective policy-relevant interventions which can be used to promote economic growth and to address this persistent challenge of income inequality in society.

This paper analyses the impact of economic globalisation on income inequality in Botswana, emphasising both direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. The study utilises annual time-series data from 1990 to 2023, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Toda–Yamamoto Distributed Lag (TYDL) Granger causality method to examine the interrelations among economic globalisation, trade openness, inflation, economic growth, and income inequality. The results indicate a consistent long-term link among the variables, wherein economic globalisation diminishes income disparity, whilst broader globalisation and trade openness likely to intensify it. The causation findings indicate that both economic globalisation and globalisation directly impact income disparity, while globalisation also indirectly influences inequality via inflation. Real GDP per capita indirectly affects inequality via globalisation, while exports directly contribute to inequality. The study indicates that while economic globalisation fosters economic growth and integration, its advantages are inequitably allocated. It advocates for inclusive economic globalisation policies, targeted fiscal redistribution, financial inclusion, and export diversification to guarantee equitable and sustainable growth in Botswana.

Almost half of South Africa's population still lives in poverty, despite the abolishment of the oppressive apartheid regime since April 1994. The majority of the populace is impoverished and unable to enjoy sustainable life and progress. Therefore, this paper is here by analysing poverty in post-apartheid South Africa by looking at what still causing poverty after so many years of freedom and how poverty effects the communities and what solutions can be adopted overcome the situation. A qualitative research methodology was used to collect data. Particularly, a systematic literature review was used. The researchers have reviewed published articles and reports about poverty. Based on the findings it is evident that poverty in South Africa is caused by challenges such as pandemics, poor health and education systems, climate change, economic inequality etc. Therefore, the paper recommends various actions to be taken such as striving to enhance economic output.

Since the conclusion of apartheid in 1994, South Africa has witnessed notable economic growth; however, poverty and income inequality continue to be widespread issues. Despite economic growth, poverty and income inequality remain prevalent, with millions of South Africans living below the poverty line and encountering substantial obstacles to economic opportunities. This research examines the connections among economic growth, poverty alleviation, and income inequality in South Africa, utilising data from 1993 to 2023. This study employs various econometric models, specifically Vector Error Correction (VECM), Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), and Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), to examine the relationships among economic growth, poverty reduction, and income inequality in South Africa. The findings indicate that economic growth has a positive effect on poverty reduction, while simultaneously exerting a negative influence on income inequality. The research indicates that employment and access to electricity are essential determinants in alleviating poverty and income inequality. This study recommends that policymakers prioritise investments in education, job training, and infrastructure development, especially in rural areas, to foster inclusive economic growth and mitigate poverty and income inequality. Policymakers should enact measures to enhance electricity access and foster employment opportunities within the formal sector.

Income inequality is a pervasive problem in South Africa and particularly affects the Eastern Cape, where poverty levels remain high despite several efforts to address this societal issue. The datasets from 1499 households used for this study, were extracted from the 2021 South African General Household Survey. This study thus examined the distributional pattern of households’ income inequality in Eastern Cape, South Africa, through the use of exploratory data analysis and application of regression-based decomposition of inequality. The EDA results revealed that relatively older households are more concentrated than those young people, female-headed households were also predominant in the study area, while the majority of the households are Black South Africans. The magnitude of the monetary variables’ departure from the mean inferred clear evidence of a widened households’ income disparity or inequality in the study area. The decomposition analysis indicated the contributions of various socioeconomic factors to income inequality. The findings from the regression-based decomposition of inequality found household size, access to basic infrastructure services, possession of assets, internet communication facilities, and households’ population group, as the major drivers of the households’ income inequality in the province, while livelihood diversity has a relatively moderate proportionate contribution. On the other hand, factors such as age and gender of the household head, as well as households’ involvements in agriculture have a minor effect on the households’ income inequality. This paper finally concludes that the relative contributions of each factor contributing to inequality were deemed important for designing effective policy-relevant interventions which can be used to promote economic growth and to address this persistent challenge of income inequality in society.