Explore the evidence.
Understand the reach.

This research aims to demonstrate the role of financial statements (balance sheet) in reporting the risks faced by government units and the extent of the risks within these units, in addition to demonstrating the steps through which risks can be managed in these units, whether they are governmental or private economic units. Financial risks are one of the problems facing economic units, whether private or governmental. In turn, decision-makers, both internal and external, work to measure the financial risks facing these units. Therefore, the research problem is as follows, Do financial position statement contribute to reporting financial risks in governmental units (Baghdad Municipality)? In order to achieve the research objectives, the financial position statement of the Baghdad Municipality Department (a government unit) was used, and a set of indicators was used to reach a judgment on the presence or absence of risks, as well as the level of risks facing this unit. It was found that there is a possibility of knowing the risks through the financial position statement, in addition to discovering that the level of risks facing this unit (Baghdad Municipality) is considered high.    

Application of IAS 41-Agriculture in developed countries contrast with agricultural  entities conditions in developing countries especially for Indonesia. The adoption of IAS 41 makes DSAK-IAI issue PSAK 69 Agriculture intended for agricultural entities so that they can measure and record related biological assets of a company. However, the application of PSAK 69 to agricultural companies also facing problems such as changes in accounting treatment especially for accounting method which are changed form historical value to fair value. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of accounting treatment of biological asset in Jember plantation companies in state-owned plantation companies in Jember and Bondowoso regencies, namely PTPN 12 and PTPN 11 (PG Pradjekan). The methode used was descriptive qualitative. The researchs showed that differences in biological assets of each company can cause differences in the recording of biological assets. The differences between the two companies are in terms of plant type, plant age and costs incurred in each type of plant. However, in other cases, the accounting treatment of biological assets in PTPN 11 (PG Pradjekan) and PTPN 12 has similarity on recording biological assets at acquisition cost method. This study shows that currently both companies are still  used accounting records with a historical value approach that accumulates all costs incurred from the nursery process until the plants are transformed into yielding crops.
  

 The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of the accounting process and disclosure in the context of the disruption that brings in artificial intelligence by providing an integrated framework, from the perspective of internal development of accounting processes to the external requirements of the disclosure. The framework is based on the following five pillars: digital transformation policies; influence of artificial intelligence on the quality of accounting information; basic principles of intelligent models; governance mechanisms; and related risks. This is a descriptive and analytical study. It discussed the theoretical background and accounting implications of artificial intelligence, proposed a disclosure framework, and then it utilized content and gap analysis to determine to what extent the considered annual report met the requirements of the frameworkThe above analysis was based on the 2024 annual report of Asiacell Communications Company-Private Joint Stock Company. The disclosures of artificial intelligence, digital transformation, applications in accounting and finance, information quality, governance, and technological risk were selected and analyzed together with 24 disclosure items based on the proposed framework. The findings show a large disparity between the technological sophistication of the company and its level of accounting disclosure on artificial intelligence. The fermentations described in the present disclosure examples were at 25%, but only 25% of the disclosures were reached, and disclosures of assumptions underlying predictive models and related risks were missing. The results also suggest that the introduced framework, if adopted, would cover all the 24 disclosure items with a maximum proposed disclosure score of 100%.Also, based on model assumptions, data sources, levels of confidence, responsibilities in governance, and procedures for verification, transparency would be increased, the credibility of accounting estimates would be strengthened, the level of information uncertainty would be decreased, and the level of investor confidence in financial reports produced in an artificial intelligence milieu would be enhanced

As globalization advances and cross-border trade expands, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets are increasingly engaged in foreign currency transactions. This development requires adherence to International Accounting Standard 21 (IAS 21), which addresses the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. While compliance with IAS 21 is vital for ensuring accurate and comparable financial reporting, SMEs often face significant challenges in meeting these requirements due to limited financial resources, technical expertise, and access to appropriate accounting infrastructure. This integrative review consolidates existing academic and industry literature to identify key obstacles encountered by SMEs in implementing IAS 21. These challenges include difficulties in selecting appropriate exchange rates, translating foreign operations, and maintaining up-to-date accounting systems. Guided by institutional theory, contingency theory, and the resource-based view, the study examines how external institutional pressures and internal resource constraints impact compliance levels among SMEs. The review also discusses the implications for financial reporting quality, investor confidence, and policy development within emerging economies. The findings underscore the importance of simplified regulatory guidance, capacity-building efforts, and customized support frameworks to close the compliance gap and strengthen the financial transparency of SMEs operating in international markets

This study evaluates the effects and challenges faced by South African state-owned insurance enterprises in adopting International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 17, mainly the effects on financial reporting and contract transparency. Research purpose: The study analyses IFRS 17’s effect on the financial reporting practices and the transparency of insurance contracts within these enterprises. This is the first study to explore IFRS 17’s effects on South African state-owned non-life insurance enterprises from a finance management and executive perspective. It aims to identify key challenges and benefits of implementation while assessing its impact on accounting information quality. A qualitative approach was used, with semi-structured virtual interviews conducted among finance executives and management. Data was analysed using ATLAS.ti software to identify themes and patterns related to IFRS 17 adoption. The study found that IFRS 17 adoption has significantly improved transparency and comparability in financial statements, enhancing clarity in presenting insurance contracts. However, challenges such as the complexity of the standard, increased demand for technical expertise and resource allocation issues were identified. It is recommended that finance executives receive additional training and support to navigate IFRS 17 complexities. Strengthening regulatory frameworks will help maximise transparency and financial reporting improvements while mitigating implementation challenges. This study provides valuable insights into IFRS 17 adoption within state-owned insurers, highlighting its benefits and challenges to support informed decision-making in the adoption and implementation of the international accounting standard.

 The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of the accounting process and disclosure in the context of the disruption that brings in artificial intelligence by providing an integrated framework, from the perspective of internal development of accounting processes to the external requirements of the disclosure. The framework is based on the following five pillars: digital transformation policies; influence of artificial intelligence on the quality of accounting information; basic principles of intelligent models; governance mechanisms; and related risks. This is a descriptive and analytical study. It discussed the theoretical background and accounting implications of artificial intelligence, proposed a disclosure framework, and then it utilized content and gap analysis to determine to what extent the considered annual report met the requirements of the frameworkThe above analysis was based on the 2024 annual report of Asiacell Communications Company-Private Joint Stock Company. The disclosures of artificial intelligence, digital transformation, applications in accounting and finance, information quality, governance, and technological risk were selected and analyzed together with 24 disclosure items based on the proposed framework. The findings show a large disparity between the technological sophistication of the company and its level of accounting disclosure on artificial intelligence. The fermentations described in the present disclosure examples were at 25%, but only 25% of the disclosures were reached, and disclosures of assumptions underlying predictive models and related risks were missing. The results also suggest that the introduced framework, if adopted, would cover all the 24 disclosure items with a maximum proposed disclosure score of 100%.Also, based on model assumptions, data sources, levels of confidence, responsibilities in governance, and procedures for verification, transparency would be increased, the credibility of accounting estimates would be strengthened, the level of information uncertainty would be decreased, and the level of investor confidence in financial reports produced in an artificial intelligence milieu would be enhanced

As globalization advances and cross-border trade expands, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets are increasingly engaged in foreign currency transactions. This development requires adherence to International Accounting Standard 21 (IAS 21), which addresses the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. While compliance with IAS 21 is vital for ensuring accurate and comparable financial reporting, SMEs often face significant challenges in meeting these requirements due to limited financial resources, technical expertise, and access to appropriate accounting infrastructure. This integrative review consolidates existing academic and industry literature to identify key obstacles encountered by SMEs in implementing IAS 21. These challenges include difficulties in selecting appropriate exchange rates, translating foreign operations, and maintaining up-to-date accounting systems. Guided by institutional theory, contingency theory, and the resource-based view, the study examines how external institutional pressures and internal resource constraints impact compliance levels among SMEs. The review also discusses the implications for financial reporting quality, investor confidence, and policy development within emerging economies. The findings underscore the importance of simplified regulatory guidance, capacity-building efforts, and customized support frameworks to close the compliance gap and strengthen the financial transparency of SMEs operating in international markets

This study evaluates the effects and challenges faced by South African state-owned insurance enterprises in adopting International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 17, mainly the effects on financial reporting and contract transparency. Research purpose: The study analyses IFRS 17’s effect on the financial reporting practices and the transparency of insurance contracts within these enterprises. This is the first study to explore IFRS 17’s effects on South African state-owned non-life insurance enterprises from a finance management and executive perspective. It aims to identify key challenges and benefits of implementation while assessing its impact on accounting information quality. A qualitative approach was used, with semi-structured virtual interviews conducted among finance executives and management. Data was analysed using ATLAS.ti software to identify themes and patterns related to IFRS 17 adoption. The study found that IFRS 17 adoption has significantly improved transparency and comparability in financial statements, enhancing clarity in presenting insurance contracts. However, challenges such as the complexity of the standard, increased demand for technical expertise and resource allocation issues were identified. It is recommended that finance executives receive additional training and support to navigate IFRS 17 complexities. Strengthening regulatory frameworks will help maximise transparency and financial reporting improvements while mitigating implementation challenges. This study provides valuable insights into IFRS 17 adoption within state-owned insurers, highlighting its benefits and challenges to support informed decision-making in the adoption and implementation of the international accounting standard.

This research aims to demonstrate the role of financial statements (balance sheet) in reporting the risks faced by government units and the extent of the risks within these units, in addition to demonstrating the steps through which risks can be managed in these units, whether they are governmental or private economic units. Financial risks are one of the problems facing economic units, whether private or governmental. In turn, decision-makers, both internal and external, work to measure the financial risks facing these units. Therefore, the research problem is as follows, Do financial position statement contribute to reporting financial risks in governmental units (Baghdad Municipality)? In order to achieve the research objectives, the financial position statement of the Baghdad Municipality Department (a government unit) was used, and a set of indicators was used to reach a judgment on the presence or absence of risks, as well as the level of risks facing this unit. It was found that there is a possibility of knowing the risks through the financial position statement, in addition to discovering that the level of risks facing this unit (Baghdad Municipality) is considered high.    

Numerous government bodies continue to experience difficulties in accounting for historical assets. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the identification, quantification, presentation, and disclosure of historical assets, particularly the Situs Watu Gong in Malang, East Java. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the concept of identifying, measuring, presenting, and also exposing historical assets through the use of a qualitative technique and a case study at the Situs Watu Gong. The data collection approaches used were observation, interviewing, and documentation. As a result of this investigation, it was determined that the manager of the Situs Watu Gong did not properly account for previous assets. The manager of the Situs Watu Gong should have valued historical assets at cost and measured them using the cost technique. Historic assets are classed as fixed assets and are not included in PPE (Plant, Property, and Equipment) on the balance sheet.