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This study aims to analyze the effect of the Gender Ratio on Life Expectancy (GLE), Gender Ratio on Mean Years of Schooling (GMYS), Gender Ratio on Labor Force Participation Rate (GLFPR), and Gender Ratio on Per Capita Expenditure (GPE) on labor productivity in all Regency/cities of West Java Province. The sampling in this study used a saturated sampling technique in 27 Regency/cities of West Java Province during 2015-2020 so that a total sample of 162 data was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of West Java. This study uses panel data analysis by combining time-series data and cross-section data. The results partially show that RLE and RLFPR have a significant positive effect on labor productivity, while RPE has a significant negative effect on labor productivity, and RMYS has no effect on labor productivity. The results of the study simultaneously showed that RLE, RMYS, RLFPR, and RPE had an effect on labor productivity.

In this empirical study, it’s investigated differences of part-time working rates between men and women in the period of 2000-2012. 17 members of the EU and Turkey -as a candidate country- are participated in the study. Turkey is participated into the study too, because Turkey must adapt the most of the regulations of EU as a candidate member of the Union. The data are collected from OECD and World Bank statistics web site. Beyond that many database indicate part-time employment rates for both common and national definition of part-time working for statistical purpose. According to this it’s aimed to determine whether there is a significant difference between part-time working rates that are based on common and national definition. In the literature, there are some studies that investigate fertility rates and part-time employment rates of women. The correlation of these two variables that are belonged the years 2000-2012 is tested and the findings are indicated in the study. Furthermore, it’s analyzed the rate differences of part-time working for men and women in the period of 2000-2012.

Legal reforms promoting gender equality have expanded across Sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades, yet their effects on women’s labor market participation remain underexamined. This study assesses how gender-responsive legal reforms shape women’s labor supply by integrating the World Bank’s Women, Business and the Law Index, ILOSTAT employment indicators, and DHS survey data for SSA countries from 2000 to 2023. Using a country-year panel difference-in-differences approach, the analysis exploits the staggered adoption of reforms related to workplace protections, mobility, entrepreneurship, pay equity, and parental leave. The findings indicate that countries implementing clusters of such reforms experience significant increases in female labor force participation, wage employment, and non-farm self-employment. Effects are strongest where reform adoption coincides with stronger institutions, enforcement capacity, and broader social protection systems. The results align with existing evidence on gender norms and labor regulation while providing new empirical insights. Overall, legal reforms matter, but their impact depends on coordinated regulatory and policy support.

Legal reforms promoting gender equality have expanded across Sub-Saharan Africa over the past two decades, yet their effects on women’s labor market participation remain underexamined. This study assesses how gender-responsive legal reforms shape women’s labor supply by integrating the World Bank’s Women, Business and the Law Index, ILOSTAT employment indicators, and DHS survey data for SSA countries from 2000 to 2023. Using a country-year panel difference-in-differences approach, the analysis exploits the staggered adoption of reforms related to workplace protections, mobility, entrepreneurship, pay equity, and parental leave. The findings indicate that countries implementing clusters of such reforms experience significant increases in female labor force participation, wage employment, and non-farm self-employment. Effects are strongest where reform adoption coincides with stronger institutions, enforcement capacity, and broader social protection systems. The results align with existing evidence on gender norms and labor regulation while providing new empirical insights. Overall, legal reforms matter, but their impact depends on coordinated regulatory and policy support.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Gender Ratio on Life Expectancy (GLE), Gender Ratio on Mean Years of Schooling (GMYS), Gender Ratio on Labor Force Participation Rate (GLFPR), and Gender Ratio on Per Capita Expenditure (GPE) on labor productivity in all Regency/cities of West Java Province. The sampling in this study used a saturated sampling technique in 27 Regency/cities of West Java Province during 2015-2020 so that a total sample of 162 data was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of West Java. This study uses panel data analysis by combining time-series data and cross-section data. The results partially show that RLE and RLFPR have a significant positive effect on labor productivity, while RPE has a significant negative effect on labor productivity, and RMYS has no effect on labor productivity. The results of the study simultaneously showed that RLE, RMYS, RLFPR, and RPE had an effect on labor productivity.

In this empirical study, it’s investigated differences of part-time working rates between men and women in the period of 2000-2012. 17 members of the EU and Turkey -as a candidate country- are participated in the study. Turkey is participated into the study too, because Turkey must adapt the most of the regulations of EU as a candidate member of the Union. The data are collected from OECD and World Bank statistics web site. Beyond that many database indicate part-time employment rates for both common and national definition of part-time working for statistical purpose. According to this it’s aimed to determine whether there is a significant difference between part-time working rates that are based on common and national definition. In the literature, there are some studies that investigate fertility rates and part-time employment rates of women. The correlation of these two variables that are belonged the years 2000-2012 is tested and the findings are indicated in the study. Furthermore, it’s analyzed the rate differences of part-time working for men and women in the period of 2000-2012.