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The current research aims to examine the accounting of digital assets by linking accounting measurement theory to financial disclosure requirements, in light of the challenges related to the absence of specialized international accounting standards for digital assets. The research was divided into two parts: theoretical and applied. The theoretical part included a review of the literature related to accounting measurement (historical cost, fair value, and impairment model) and financial disclosure requirements according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) and American standards (FASB, AICPA, and SEC). The applied part used a questionnaire and administered to a sample of financial report users, including academics and professionals, to obtain their opinions on the adequacy of current measurement models, financial disclosure requirements, and shortcomings in international standards. It also explored the possibility of formulating an integrated framework for measuring and disclosing digital assets. The results of the analysis of the questionnaire showed that fair value measurement is more appropriate for the nature of digital assets than traditional models, with the need to enhance disclosure of risks associated with price volatility, liquidity, and operational risks. It also showed that the absence of a specific accounting standard for digital assets leads to poor comparability and increased variation in accounting practices across economic entities. Based on the survey results, an integrated theoretical framework for accounting for digital assets was proposed. This framework includes principles of recognition, measurement, and disclosure, and contributes to achieving the objectives of financial reporting in accordance with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) conceptual framework, ensuring relevance, accurate representation, comparability, clarity, and timeliness. The study concluded that developing a specialized accounting framework for digital assets represents a strategic necessity to ensure the reliability and transparency of financial reporting and enhance user confidence, given the rapid growth in the adoption of digital assets within global economic activities.  

This research aims to demonstrate the role of financial statements (balance sheet) in reporting the risks faced by government units and the extent of the risks within these units, in addition to demonstrating the steps through which risks can be managed in these units, whether they are governmental or private economic units. Financial risks are one of the problems facing economic units, whether private or governmental. In turn, decision-makers, both internal and external, work to measure the financial risks facing these units. Therefore, the research problem is as follows, Do financial position statement contribute to reporting financial risks in governmental units (Baghdad Municipality)? In order to achieve the research objectives, the financial position statement of the Baghdad Municipality Department (a government unit) was used, and a set of indicators was used to reach a judgment on the presence or absence of risks, as well as the level of risks facing this unit. It was found that there is a possibility of knowing the risks through the financial position statement, in addition to discovering that the level of risks facing this unit (Baghdad Municipality) is considered high.    

 The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of the accounting process and disclosure in the context of the disruption that brings in artificial intelligence by providing an integrated framework, from the perspective of internal development of accounting processes to the external requirements of the disclosure. The framework is based on the following five pillars: digital transformation policies; influence of artificial intelligence on the quality of accounting information; basic principles of intelligent models; governance mechanisms; and related risks. This is a descriptive and analytical study. It discussed the theoretical background and accounting implications of artificial intelligence, proposed a disclosure framework, and then it utilized content and gap analysis to determine to what extent the considered annual report met the requirements of the frameworkThe above analysis was based on the 2024 annual report of Asiacell Communications Company-Private Joint Stock Company. The disclosures of artificial intelligence, digital transformation, applications in accounting and finance, information quality, governance, and technological risk were selected and analyzed together with 24 disclosure items based on the proposed framework. The findings show a large disparity between the technological sophistication of the company and its level of accounting disclosure on artificial intelligence. The fermentations described in the present disclosure examples were at 25%, but only 25% of the disclosures were reached, and disclosures of assumptions underlying predictive models and related risks were missing. The results also suggest that the introduced framework, if adopted, would cover all the 24 disclosure items with a maximum proposed disclosure score of 100%.Also, based on model assumptions, data sources, levels of confidence, responsibilities in governance, and procedures for verification, transparency would be increased, the credibility of accounting estimates would be strengthened, the level of information uncertainty would be decreased, and the level of investor confidence in financial reports produced in an artificial intelligence milieu would be enhanced

 The purpose of this research is to contribute to the development of the accounting process and disclosure in the context of the disruption that brings in artificial intelligence by providing an integrated framework, from the perspective of internal development of accounting processes to the external requirements of the disclosure. The framework is based on the following five pillars: digital transformation policies; influence of artificial intelligence on the quality of accounting information; basic principles of intelligent models; governance mechanisms; and related risks. This is a descriptive and analytical study. It discussed the theoretical background and accounting implications of artificial intelligence, proposed a disclosure framework, and then it utilized content and gap analysis to determine to what extent the considered annual report met the requirements of the frameworkThe above analysis was based on the 2024 annual report of Asiacell Communications Company-Private Joint Stock Company. The disclosures of artificial intelligence, digital transformation, applications in accounting and finance, information quality, governance, and technological risk were selected and analyzed together with 24 disclosure items based on the proposed framework. The findings show a large disparity between the technological sophistication of the company and its level of accounting disclosure on artificial intelligence. The fermentations described in the present disclosure examples were at 25%, but only 25% of the disclosures were reached, and disclosures of assumptions underlying predictive models and related risks were missing. The results also suggest that the introduced framework, if adopted, would cover all the 24 disclosure items with a maximum proposed disclosure score of 100%.Also, based on model assumptions, data sources, levels of confidence, responsibilities in governance, and procedures for verification, transparency would be increased, the credibility of accounting estimates would be strengthened, the level of information uncertainty would be decreased, and the level of investor confidence in financial reports produced in an artificial intelligence milieu would be enhanced

The current research aims to examine the accounting of digital assets by linking accounting measurement theory to financial disclosure requirements, in light of the challenges related to the absence of specialized international accounting standards for digital assets. The research was divided into two parts: theoretical and applied. The theoretical part included a review of the literature related to accounting measurement (historical cost, fair value, and impairment model) and financial disclosure requirements according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) and American standards (FASB, AICPA, and SEC). The applied part used a questionnaire and administered to a sample of financial report users, including academics and professionals, to obtain their opinions on the adequacy of current measurement models, financial disclosure requirements, and shortcomings in international standards. It also explored the possibility of formulating an integrated framework for measuring and disclosing digital assets. The results of the analysis of the questionnaire showed that fair value measurement is more appropriate for the nature of digital assets than traditional models, with the need to enhance disclosure of risks associated with price volatility, liquidity, and operational risks. It also showed that the absence of a specific accounting standard for digital assets leads to poor comparability and increased variation in accounting practices across economic entities. Based on the survey results, an integrated theoretical framework for accounting for digital assets was proposed. This framework includes principles of recognition, measurement, and disclosure, and contributes to achieving the objectives of financial reporting in accordance with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) conceptual framework, ensuring relevance, accurate representation, comparability, clarity, and timeliness. The study concluded that developing a specialized accounting framework for digital assets represents a strategic necessity to ensure the reliability and transparency of financial reporting and enhance user confidence, given the rapid growth in the adoption of digital assets within global economic activities.  

This research aims to demonstrate the role of financial statements (balance sheet) in reporting the risks faced by government units and the extent of the risks within these units, in addition to demonstrating the steps through which risks can be managed in these units, whether they are governmental or private economic units. Financial risks are one of the problems facing economic units, whether private or governmental. In turn, decision-makers, both internal and external, work to measure the financial risks facing these units. Therefore, the research problem is as follows, Do financial position statement contribute to reporting financial risks in governmental units (Baghdad Municipality)? In order to achieve the research objectives, the financial position statement of the Baghdad Municipality Department (a government unit) was used, and a set of indicators was used to reach a judgment on the presence or absence of risks, as well as the level of risks facing this unit. It was found that there is a possibility of knowing the risks through the financial position statement, in addition to discovering that the level of risks facing this unit (Baghdad Municipality) is considered high.