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Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling has gained considerable attention across diverse academic fields, including business, social sciences, marketing, and management. A key challenge in utilizing PLS-SEM is balancing explanatory and predictive power when selecting the most suitable model from competing alternatives. This paper explores the effectiveness of various quality criteria for evaluating causal-predictive models, with a focus on resistance to change in Vietnamese SMEs. The study emphasizes the importance of both in-sample and out-of-sample predictions, using metrics such as R², BIC, AIC, Q², RMSE, MAE, and CVPAT. The findings reveal that traditional criteria like R² may not be sufficient for identifying the best model, while PLSpredict, CVPAT, BIC, and AIC offer superior performance in determining the optimal balance between explanatory and predictive capabilities. These insights provide practical implications for researchers and practitioners, highlighting the need to tailor model selection to specific objectives, such as theory development or real-world forecasting. For practitioners, the study underscores the benefits of leveraging simpler, more generalizable models for robust decision-making in dynamic or resource-constrained environments.

Hand-shaken beverages represent a unique business model in Taiwan. This study explores the impact of four dimensions of brand equity on consumers' word-of-mouth and purchase intention regarding hand-shaken beverages. A survey was conducted among hand-shaken beverage consumers. A total of 352 valid questionnaires were recovered, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that consumers' perceptions of brand awareness, quality, and brand association affected word-of-mouth. These dimensions had an indirect impact on purchase intention through word-of-mouth, suggesting that when consumers develop an attachment to a brand, they engage in positive behaviors concerning the brand. However, due to the high homogeneity and lack of distinctiveness of Taiwanese hand-shaken beverage products, they fail to attract consumer loyalty.

Impulse purchases play a vital role in the sales revenue of shopping malls. This study utilized the Stimulus-Organism-Response framework to explore how shopping mall atmosphere stimulates consumer emotions, thereby impacting impulse purchase behavior. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that both positive and negative emotions can act as mediators in the process of forming impulse purchase behavior, albeit with distinct and sometimes antagonistic effects. This phenomenon is attributed to the differential impact of the service atmosphere on stimulating consumer emotions. Additionally, the study identified that only positive emotions can serve as mediators between spatial atmosphere and impulse purchases. In essence, stimuli in the shopping environment can influence consumer emotional responses, thereby prompting impulse purchase behavior.

In recent years, increased understanding has led individuals to prioritize exercise for the purposes of sustaining health, achieving weight loss, preventing various diseases, and alleviating stress. This research aims to deepen our understanding of human exercise behavior by examining the factors that influence this trend. The writers utilize the framework of "Social Learning Theory" to elucidate the correlation among influencing factors, exercise behavior, and stress relief. This study details a survey that involved 323 participants, primarily Vietnamese college students with a focus on tourism. The analysis comprised 151 males and 172 females. This research employed structural equation modeling (SEM) for data analysis. The results showed that enabling circumstances and social impact have a positive impact on stress relief, with exercise activity playing a mediating role. The model accounts for 57.3% of the variance in exercise behavior and 57.1% in stress relief. Moreover, social impact has a direct favorable impact on students' stress relief. In conclusion, both enabling factors and social impact are associated with increased exercise activity. These characteristics increase the likelihood of students participating in exercise and reducing their academic stress. The study also that the institution introduces a course that combines academics with yoga and team sports to the general education curriculum. The institution should offer on-campus fitness or partner with local gyms. Finally, joining clubs and organizations might encourage university students to exercise.

Using yearly data on corporate social responsibility ratings from public-listed companies in Taiwan from 2013 to 2017, this paper empirically explores the impact of female directors ratio on corporate social responsibility rating, especially looking at whether the different impact of controlling ownership structure (public-dominated, co-governed, single-family) on corporate social responsibility rating. Our empirical results indicate that a higher the ratio of female directors significantly reduce the corporate social responsibility rating, especially for the family-controlled company. Although the public-owned controlling company improves the corporate social responsibility rating, however, the higher the ratio of female directors, regardless of the type of group, would significantly lower the corporate social responsibility rating.

Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling has gained considerable attention across diverse academic fields, including business, social sciences, marketing, and management. A key challenge in utilizing PLS-SEM is balancing explanatory and predictive power when selecting the most suitable model from competing alternatives. This paper explores the effectiveness of various quality criteria for evaluating causal-predictive models, with a focus on resistance to change in Vietnamese SMEs. The study emphasizes the importance of both in-sample and out-of-sample predictions, using metrics such as R², BIC, AIC, Q², RMSE, MAE, and CVPAT. The findings reveal that traditional criteria like R² may not be sufficient for identifying the best model, while PLSpredict, CVPAT, BIC, and AIC offer superior performance in determining the optimal balance between explanatory and predictive capabilities. These insights provide practical implications for researchers and practitioners, highlighting the need to tailor model selection to specific objectives, such as theory development or real-world forecasting. For practitioners, the study underscores the benefits of leveraging simpler, more generalizable models for robust decision-making in dynamic or resource-constrained environments.

In recent years, increased understanding has led individuals to prioritize exercise for the purposes of sustaining health, achieving weight loss, preventing various diseases, and alleviating stress. This research aims to deepen our understanding of human exercise behavior by examining the factors that influence this trend. The writers utilize the framework of "Social Learning Theory" to elucidate the correlation among influencing factors, exercise behavior, and stress relief. This study details a survey that involved 323 participants, primarily Vietnamese college students with a focus on tourism. The analysis comprised 151 males and 172 females. This research employed structural equation modeling (SEM) for data analysis. The results showed that enabling circumstances and social impact have a positive impact on stress relief, with exercise activity playing a mediating role. The model accounts for 57.3% of the variance in exercise behavior and 57.1% in stress relief. Moreover, social impact has a direct favorable impact on students' stress relief. In conclusion, both enabling factors and social impact are associated with increased exercise activity. These characteristics increase the likelihood of students participating in exercise and reducing their academic stress. The study also that the institution introduces a course that combines academics with yoga and team sports to the general education curriculum. The institution should offer on-campus fitness or partner with local gyms. Finally, joining clubs and organizations might encourage university students to exercise.

Using yearly data on corporate social responsibility ratings from public-listed companies in Taiwan from 2013 to 2017, this paper empirically explores the impact of female directors ratio on corporate social responsibility rating, especially looking at whether the different impact of controlling ownership structure (public-dominated, co-governed, single-family) on corporate social responsibility rating. Our empirical results indicate that a higher the ratio of female directors significantly reduce the corporate social responsibility rating, especially for the family-controlled company. Although the public-owned controlling company improves the corporate social responsibility rating, however, the higher the ratio of female directors, regardless of the type of group, would significantly lower the corporate social responsibility rating.

Hand-shaken beverages represent a unique business model in Taiwan. This study explores the impact of four dimensions of brand equity on consumers' word-of-mouth and purchase intention regarding hand-shaken beverages. A survey was conducted among hand-shaken beverage consumers. A total of 352 valid questionnaires were recovered, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that consumers' perceptions of brand awareness, quality, and brand association affected word-of-mouth. These dimensions had an indirect impact on purchase intention through word-of-mouth, suggesting that when consumers develop an attachment to a brand, they engage in positive behaviors concerning the brand. However, due to the high homogeneity and lack of distinctiveness of Taiwanese hand-shaken beverage products, they fail to attract consumer loyalty.

Impulse purchases play a vital role in the sales revenue of shopping malls. This study utilized the Stimulus-Organism-Response framework to explore how shopping mall atmosphere stimulates consumer emotions, thereby impacting impulse purchase behavior. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that both positive and negative emotions can act as mediators in the process of forming impulse purchase behavior, albeit with distinct and sometimes antagonistic effects. This phenomenon is attributed to the differential impact of the service atmosphere on stimulating consumer emotions. Additionally, the study identified that only positive emotions can serve as mediators between spatial atmosphere and impulse purchases. In essence, stimuli in the shopping environment can influence consumer emotional responses, thereby prompting impulse purchase behavior.