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Capital financing plays a crucial role in sustaining the growth potential of pharmaceutical companies, enabling them to expand operations and compete effectively in the market. In the face of a slowing global economy, maintaining solid financial performance across existing business lines becomes increasingly important. This study aims to examine the relationship between capital structure and the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia. The research sample consists of nine publicly listed pharmaceutical firms over the period 2013–2023. The empirical analysis employs three panel data estimation approaches—Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS), Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and Random Effects Model (REM)—to account for different assumptions about unobserved firm-specific characteristics. Based on the Hausman test, FEM is determined as the most suitable model for the dataset. The estimation results reveal that the Long-term Debt to Total Assets (LDTA) ratio exerts a statistically significant negative effect on Return on Assets (ROA), indicating that a higher proportion of long-term debt tends to reduce profitability. Conversely, the Short-term Debt to Total Assets (SDTA) and Total Debt to Total Equity (TDTE) ratios have positive but statistically insignificant impacts on ROA, suggesting that neither short-term liabilities nor overall leverage significantly influence profitability in the observed period. These results imply that excessive reliance on long-term borrowing can impose interest burdens and financial constraints, thereby weakening performance. Consequently, financial managers in the pharmaceutical sector are encouraged to optimize their financing structure, prioritizing internal funds or short-term financing sources that align with operational needs and market conditions to sustain profitability and ensure long-term competitiveness.

Stock returns reflect the investment returns investors receive from owning company shares, encompassing both dividends and stock price increases. High stock returns indicate strong company performance and are attractive to investors, often reflecting market expectations of the company's future profitability and contributing to increased company value. Conversely, low stock returns can reduce market confidence and negatively impact company value. This study examines factors influencing stock returns in cyclical consumer sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2023, with a sample of 63 companies out of 124. The research utilizes principal component analysis (PCA) with regression mediation, analyzing variables such as liquidity, solvency, activity, profitability ratios, financial performance, good corporate governance, and macroeconomic factors. SPSS 25 is used for data analysis. Key findings reveal that Market Value Added (MVA) significantly impacts both stock returns and firm value, while exchange rates and GDP do not significantly affect stock returns or firm value in this sector. The money supply (M2) significantly influences stock returns but not firm value. The Sobel mediation test shows that stock returns significantly mediate the relationship between MVA and M2 with firm value, whereas they do not mediate the effects of exchange rates and GDP on firm value. These results offer insights into the economic and financial factors impacting stock performance and firm value in Indonesia's cyclical consumer sector. 

The valuation of redeemable semi-annual and quarterly bonds is a specialised and contentious subject in finance. While instructing on this subject, students frequently pose the subsequent four enquiries: Which semi-annual discount rate do we use to discount the bond’s cash flows to arrive at its present value? What time frame is utilised to compute the present value elements for discounting the bond's cash flows? Do we obtain the identical bond value when assessing it from the views of the corporation and the investors? What is the appropriate discount rate for scenarios involving numerous discount rates from the present to the bond's maturity date? This study illustrates that the semi-annual and annual percentage rate (APR) yield to maturity (YTM) rates are the most appropriate discount rates for valuing redeemable semi-annual and quarterly bonds. The present value factors are calculated using the time interval period, not the actual years.  Assessing bonds from a company's standpoint by employing post-tax cash flows and discount rates results in an undervaluation of the bonds. The arbitrage-free valuation method is the most appropriate technique for assessing redeemable semi-annual and quarterly bonds. This method use various annual APR YTM rates derived from the bond's benchmark spot rate curve, valuing the bond as a collection of cash flows, with each cash flow treated as a zero-coupon bond. This allows each cash flow to be discounted at its specific discount rate

Macroeconomics plays an important role in influencing firm value and performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on firm value, with firm performance as a mediating variable. Firm performance in this study is proxied by liquidity, which is measured using the Current Ratio (CR), representing one specific dimension of firm performance rather than its overall performance, while firm value is proxied by the Price Earning Ratio. The study was conducted on infrastructure sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019–2023 period, using a purposive sampling method. Data analysis was carried out through classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and mediation analysis using the Sobel test. The results showed that inflation, interest rates, and GDP had a significant effect on Current Ratio, but exchange rates did not. Meanwhile, inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates had a significant effect on firm value, but GDP did not. The mediation test showed that Current Ratio only significantly mediated the effect of inflation on firm value. These findings indicate the importance of liquidity management and strategies in dealing with macroeconomic risks. Further research is recommended to examine other mediating variables and different industrial sectors.       

Macroeconomics plays an important role in influencing firm value and performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on firm value, with firm performance as a mediating variable. Firm performance in this study is proxied by liquidity, which is measured using the Current Ratio (CR), representing one specific dimension of firm performance rather than its overall performance, while firm value is proxied by the Price Earning Ratio. The study was conducted on infrastructure sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019–2023 period, using a purposive sampling method. Data analysis was carried out through classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and mediation analysis using the Sobel test. The results showed that inflation, interest rates, and GDP had a significant effect on Current Ratio, but exchange rates did not. Meanwhile, inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates had a significant effect on firm value, but GDP did not. The mediation test showed that Current Ratio only significantly mediated the effect of inflation on firm value. These findings indicate the importance of liquidity management and strategies in dealing with macroeconomic risks. Further research is recommended to examine other mediating variables and different industrial sectors.       

Capital financing plays a crucial role in sustaining the growth potential of pharmaceutical companies, enabling them to expand operations and compete effectively in the market. In the face of a slowing global economy, maintaining solid financial performance across existing business lines becomes increasingly important. This study aims to examine the relationship between capital structure and the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia. The research sample consists of nine publicly listed pharmaceutical firms over the period 2013–2023. The empirical analysis employs three panel data estimation approaches—Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS), Fixed Effects Model (FEM), and Random Effects Model (REM)—to account for different assumptions about unobserved firm-specific characteristics. Based on the Hausman test, FEM is determined as the most suitable model for the dataset. The estimation results reveal that the Long-term Debt to Total Assets (LDTA) ratio exerts a statistically significant negative effect on Return on Assets (ROA), indicating that a higher proportion of long-term debt tends to reduce profitability. Conversely, the Short-term Debt to Total Assets (SDTA) and Total Debt to Total Equity (TDTE) ratios have positive but statistically insignificant impacts on ROA, suggesting that neither short-term liabilities nor overall leverage significantly influence profitability in the observed period. These results imply that excessive reliance on long-term borrowing can impose interest burdens and financial constraints, thereby weakening performance. Consequently, financial managers in the pharmaceutical sector are encouraged to optimize their financing structure, prioritizing internal funds or short-term financing sources that align with operational needs and market conditions to sustain profitability and ensure long-term competitiveness.

The valuation of redeemable semi-annual and quarterly bonds is a specialised and contentious subject in finance. While instructing on this subject, students frequently pose the subsequent four enquiries: Which semi-annual discount rate do we use to discount the bond’s cash flows to arrive at its present value? What time frame is utilised to compute the present value elements for discounting the bond's cash flows? Do we obtain the identical bond value when assessing it from the views of the corporation and the investors? What is the appropriate discount rate for scenarios involving numerous discount rates from the present to the bond's maturity date? This study illustrates that the semi-annual and annual percentage rate (APR) yield to maturity (YTM) rates are the most appropriate discount rates for valuing redeemable semi-annual and quarterly bonds. The present value factors are calculated using the time interval period, not the actual years.  Assessing bonds from a company's standpoint by employing post-tax cash flows and discount rates results in an undervaluation of the bonds. The arbitrage-free valuation method is the most appropriate technique for assessing redeemable semi-annual and quarterly bonds. This method use various annual APR YTM rates derived from the bond's benchmark spot rate curve, valuing the bond as a collection of cash flows, with each cash flow treated as a zero-coupon bond. This allows each cash flow to be discounted at its specific discount rate

Stock returns reflect the investment returns investors receive from owning company shares, encompassing both dividends and stock price increases. High stock returns indicate strong company performance and are attractive to investors, often reflecting market expectations of the company's future profitability and contributing to increased company value. Conversely, low stock returns can reduce market confidence and negatively impact company value. This study examines factors influencing stock returns in cyclical consumer sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2023, with a sample of 63 companies out of 124. The research utilizes principal component analysis (PCA) with regression mediation, analyzing variables such as liquidity, solvency, activity, profitability ratios, financial performance, good corporate governance, and macroeconomic factors. SPSS 25 is used for data analysis. Key findings reveal that Market Value Added (MVA) significantly impacts both stock returns and firm value, while exchange rates and GDP do not significantly affect stock returns or firm value in this sector. The money supply (M2) significantly influences stock returns but not firm value. The Sobel mediation test shows that stock returns significantly mediate the relationship between MVA and M2 with firm value, whereas they do not mediate the effects of exchange rates and GDP on firm value. These results offer insights into the economic and financial factors impacting stock performance and firm value in Indonesia's cyclical consumer sector.