CiteNScope — Scholarly Index & Analytics
Discover / IJRBSPUBLICATION RECORD

COVID-19 bailout nationalism: a predicament in saving small immigrant-owned businesses in South Africa

Hammed Olabode Ojugbele ORCID ↗ · Robertson K. Tengeh ORCID ↗ · Oyebanjo Ogunlela ORCID ↗

International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science · 2022 · Vol. 11 / Issue 6 · 33-42

Research reach

Publication metrics

External links open provider records or DOI searches. Provider counts are not combined. Mendeley readership measures saves, not citations.

Dimensions

Live provider badge. If unavailable, use the Dimensions link above.

CROSSREF CITATIONS0

Observed 21 Oct 2026, 07:22 UTC

OpenAlex · Citations0Cached provider observation

Observed 21 Oct 2026 07:22 UTC

Mendeley · Readers4Cached provider observation

Observed 21 Oct 2026 22:59 UTC

OpenAlex and Mendeley observations refresh on article visits, at most once per 24 hours. Unavailable data is not zero. Google Scholar opens a DOI search.

OpenAlex / Citation year

Annual citations to this article

View provider totals ↑

Citations received by this article, grouped by the year of the citing work. Crossref and OpenAlex lifetime totals remain separate in Publication metrics.

2017–2026 Annual history last updated:

Citations received

OpenAlex · year of the citing work

OpenAlex

Hover over a year or focus the chart and use arrow keys to inspect values.

2017–2026 annual-history window. 2026 is year to date. Unknown years have gaps.

View data & coverage

2026 is incomplete. Within a successfully fetched ten-year window, omitted years mean zero. Years beyond a saved observation’s window remain unknown (—). Older citations are excluded, so this chart’s sum may differ from the OpenAlex lifetime total. The date above belongs to this annual history; an unsuccessful refresh keeps the previous observation.

Overview

Abstract

The small business sector has been identified as an essential component of the global economy, especially in developing economies, where it plays a significant role in addressing job creation and poverty. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and its attendant lockdown restrictions have brought untold devastation to the sector forcing many out of operation, crippling business operations and financial viability. We seek to identify the role and impact of government relief measures in helping immigrant-owned businesses in South Africa to deal with the impact of the pandemic on their businesses. Primary data was collected using an electronic questionnaire administered to 260 foreign business owners in South Africa. The data was cleaned and statistically analysed using IBM SPSS version 27. We interpreted and discussed the results using the realistic conflict theory. Though a vast majority of the businesses (89%) reported that the pandemic had a very severe impact on their financial sustainability and liquidity, none of them reported that they benefitted from any of the South African government business support packages during the pandemic.

Keywords: {'name': 'Immigrants, Immigrant-Entrepreneurs, COVID- 19 Bailout, Discrimination, Prejudice'}

Authors & affiliations

Hammed Olabode Ojugbele
Affiliation not supplied

Robertson K. Tengeh
Affiliation not supplied

Oyebanjo Ogunlela
Affiliation not supplied

Deposited references

Supplied references, not a list of publications citing this article.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3719949

DOI: 10.1093/oxrep/graa023

DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003042

Aladejebi, O. (2020). Managing small businesses in Nigeria during covid-19 crisis: impact and survival strategies. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 22(8), 24-34.

DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00918-3

Asoba, S. N., Mefi, N., & Sibanda, L. (2020). African immigrant-owned businesses: A SWOT analysis perspective. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 26, 1-6.

DOI: 10.4103/ijph.IJPH_465_20

Bannock, G. (1981). The economicsof small firms: return from the wilderness. Blackwell Publishers.

DOI: 10.4324/9780203338346

DOI: 10.3390/su12166478

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006991117

DOI: 10.1037/hop0000164

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmateco.2021.102489

Chinomona, E., & Maziriri, E. (2015). Examining the Phenomenon of Xenophobia as Experienced by African Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Johannesburg, South Africa: Intensifying the Spirit of „Ubuntu?. International Journal of Research, 20.

Crush, J., & Peberdy, S. (1998). Trading Places: Cross-Border Traders and the South African Informal Sector (28). Queens University. https://scholars.wlu.ca/geog_faculty/28

DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101607

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139085

DOI: 10.1080/09765239.2015.11885015

DOI: 10.1177/1059601116674826

DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12462

Duckitt, J. (2003). Prejudice and intergroup hostility. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology. Oxford University Press.

Eisner, M., & Nivette, A. (2020). Violence and the pandemic: Urgent questions for research.

DOI: 10.5539/ibr.v10n3p120

Evelina, J., Samuel, N., & Lukas Homateni, J. (2020). Estimating the economic impact of COVID-19: A case study of Namibia.

DOI: 10.1111/jems.12400

DOI: 10.1080/09718923.2014.11893297

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2_3

DOI: 10.4102/ve.v38i1.1676

DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3<299::AID-EJSP2>3.0.CO;2-F

DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2015.1122870

DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20211109

DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2014.988057

DOI: 10.1111/emre.12392

DOI: 10.1177/1465750320909732

DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003319

DOI: 10.4102/ac.v20i1.704

DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.257

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239251

DOI: 10.5430/bmr.v3n1p1

DOI: 10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.33

DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12297

DOI: 10.1145/3531146.3533217

DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n10p205

Kozlovski, I. (2019). Drivers of Success to Effective Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of Immigrant and Native-born Perceptions.

DOI: 10.1080/14780887.2010.500517

DOI: 10.1596/33540

Maas, G., & Herrington, M. (2006). Global Entrepeneurship Monitor: South Africa Report. G. E. M. (GEM). https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-south-africa-2006-report

DOI: 10.4324/9781315125343-14

DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1067_20

DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2019.096974

DOI: 10.4102/sajbm.v49i1.10

Omaka-Amari, L. N., Aleke, C. O., Obande-Ogbuinya, N. E., Ngwakwe, P. C., Nwankwo, O., & Afoke, E. N. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Nigeria: Preventive and control challenges within the first two months of outbreak. African journal of reproductive health, 24(2), 87-97.

DOI: 10.1007/s11187-021-00476-7

DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.718

DOI: 10.3390/su12219101

DOI: 10.5897/AJBM11.1926

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.05.007

DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176206

DOI: 10.1177/0975087816655014

DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n2p347

DOI: 10.3390/su9081396

DOI: 10.15863/TAS.2020.11.91.1

Toda, A. A. (2020). Early draconian social distancing may be suboptimal for fighting the COVID-19 epidemic. https://voxeu.org/article/early-draconian-social-distancing-may-be-suboptimal-fighting-covid-19-epidemic

DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1757160

Warsame, A. B. (2020). Ethnic Prejudice and Discrimination of the Somali Minority Groups: The Image Of The Other As An Enemy. In. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1465450&dswid=-5729

DOI: 10.1108/IJCHM-07-2021-0849