An integrated model of employee performance: Linking belongingness, spirituality, and satisfaction via organizational commitment

Abstract

Employee performance is increasingly recognized as being influenced not only by structural conditions but also by employees' psychological and relational experiences in the workplace. However, few studies have concurrently examined the comparative and mediated effects of sense of belonging, workplace spirituality, and job satisfaction within a unified framework. This study explores how these factors impact performance both directly and indirectly through organizational commitment, employing a quantitative explanatory design with survey data from 213 employees selected via proportionate stratified random sampling and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with validated and reliable measures. The results indicate that sense of belonging (β = 0.201, p = 0.043), workplace spirituality (β = 0.214, p = 0.007), job satisfaction (β = 0.357, p = 0.041), and organizational commitment (β = 0.276, p = 0.024) significantly predict performance. Additionally, sense of belonging (β = 0.297, p = 0.002), workplace spirituality (β = 0.211, p = 0.009), and job satisfaction (β = 0.725, p < 0.001) significantly predict organizational commitment, which mediates these relationships. Total effects reveal job satisfaction as the strongest predictor of performance (β = 0.312), followed by sense of belonging (β = 0.305) and workplace spirituality (β = 0.299). These findings demonstrate that employee performance is closely associated with affective and experiential workplace factors and highlight organizational commitment as a central explanatory mechanism. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing psychological attachment, meaningful work experiences, and satisfaction to support sustained performance, while providing an integrated empirical framework for future research.

Keywords: {'name': 'Sense of Belonging'}, {'name': 'Workplace Spirituality'}, {'name': 'Job Satisfaction'}, {'name': 'Organizational Commitment'}, {'name': 'Employee Performance'}

Authors & affiliations

Abdul Rachman
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Indonesia Surabaya

Budiyanto
Indonesia School of Economics

Suhermin
Indonesia School of Economics

Deposited references

Supplied references, not a list of publications citing this article.

DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60058-1

DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x

Bernardin, H. J. (2003). Human resource management: An experiential approach. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Blau, P. (1964). Power and exchange in social life. John Wiley & Sons.

Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 687–732). Consulting Psychologists Press.

DOI: 10.1509/jmkg.70.1.137.qxd

DOI: 10.1108/MRJIAM-09-2014-0565

DOI: 10.1177/0149206305279602

DOI: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37316

DOI: 10.2991/assehr.k.201017.140

DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.008

DOI: 10.33753/mandiri.v2i2.53

DOI: 10.1108/JWL-06-2018-0081

Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H., & Konopaske, R. (2012). Organizations: Behavior, structure, processes (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin.

DOI: 10.1016/0883-9417(92)90028-H

DOI: 10.1108/ER-01-2021-0032

DOI: 10.58908/tmuj.v1i1.10

DOI: 10.1108/JOCM-05-2017-0195

Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Mangkunegara, A. P. (2014). Perencanaan dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia [Human resource planning and development]. Refika Aditama.

Mansor, F. A., Jusoh, Y. H. M., Hashim, M. Z., Muhammad, N., & Omar, S. N. Z. (2023). Employee engagement and organizational performance. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business, 8(50), 69–80.

Merriman, C. L. (2010). Adjunct faculty organizational sense of belonging and affective organizational commitment.

DOI: 10.4135/9781452231556

DOI: 10.1108/09534810310484172

DOI: 10.24874/IJQR13.01-12

Paparang, N. C. P., Areros, W. A., & Tatimu, V. (2021). Pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai kantor PT. Post Indonesia di Manado [The influence of job satisfaction on the performance of PT. Post Indonesia office employees in Manado]. Productivity, 2(2), 119–123.

DOI: 10.1080/13678860903135912

Puspitawati, N. M. D., & Riana, I. G. (2014). Pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional dan kualitas layanan [The influence of job satisfaction on organizational commitment and service quality]. Jurnal Manajemen Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 8(1), 68–80.

DOI: 10.1108/JIMA-02-2018-0024

Risyah, D. W., Ilmi, S., & Citra, H. (2024). Pengaruh kinerja karyawan terhadap kesuksesan perusahaan [The influence of employee performance on company success]. Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 1(1), 55–57.

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. (2019). Organizational behavior. Pearson Education Limited.

DOI: 10.51213/ema.v8i1.318

DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v28i2.49

Shahab, M. A., & Nisa, I. (2014). The influence of leadership and work attitudes toward job satisfaction and performance of employee. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2(5), 69–77.

DOI: 10.31538/tijie.v4i3.1161

DOI: 10.1002/0470013419.ch1

DOI: 10.1007/BF00929796

DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.07.2019.p9159

DOI: 10.9744/jti.15.1.13-24

DOI: 10.31933/dijemss.v2i1.597

Tjiptono, F. (2022). Service management: Mewujudkan layanan prima edisi 4 [Service management: Achieving excellent service, 4th edition]. Penerbit Andi.

DOI: 10.21043/bisnis.v5i1.2946

DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00211-0

Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.

Waardenburg, L. (2016). The influence of commitment on employees' sense of belongingness, and the consequences on employees' turnover intentions in high-commitment organizations: A study at the Royal Netherlands Navy. Student Undergraduate Research E-Journal!, 2.

DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i12/1362