An Exploration of School Managers and Administrators’ Capacities to Implement Performance Management and Development (PMD) in Developing countries: A focus on Bobirwa Sub Region, Botswana
Nonofo Molly Otukile ORCID ↗ · Christopher Dick-Sagoe ORCID ↗
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science · 2026 · Vol. 15 / Issue 5 · 87-105
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Abstract
Despite changing Performance Management System (PMS) to Performance Management and Development (PMD) in 2018, public schools face difficulties in effectively implementing PMD in Botswana. This study, using a mixed methods approach, investigated the capacity of school managers to implement PMD. Quantitative analysis assessed capacity and workload, while qualitative insights explored managers’ perspectives on PMD. From the study, poor PMD implementation is associated with capacity issues, moral laxity and organizational indifference. The study recommends building capacities at all levels of PMD and embracing PMD as a performance reform.
Keywords: {'name': 'Performance management'}, {'name': 'performance management system'}, {'name': 'professional development'}, {'name': 'capacity building'}, {'name': 'school managers'}, {'name': 'administrators'}, {'name': 'public service'}
Authors & affiliations
Nonofo Molly Otukile
Affiliation not supplied
Christopher Dick-Sagoe
University of South Africa; University of Botswana
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