CiteNScope — Scholarly Index & Analytics
Discover / IJFBSPUBLICATION RECORD

Law Enforcement Proxies Matter for the Law and Finance Nexus

Valentin Toci · Iraj Hashi

International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies · 2013 · Vol. 2 / Issue 3 · 57-75

Research reach

Publication metrics

External links open provider records or DOI searches. Provider counts are not combined. Mendeley readership measures saves, not citations.

Dimensions

Live provider badge. If unavailable, use the Dimensions link above.

CROSSREF CITATIONS0

Observed 21 Oct 2026, 00:21 UTC

OpenAlex · Citations1Cached provider observation

Observed 21 Oct 2026 00:22 UTC

Mendeley · Readers—No verified count available

OpenAlex and Mendeley observations refresh on article visits, at most once per 24 hours. Unavailable data is not zero. Google Scholar opens a DOI search.

OpenAlex / Citation year

Annual citations to this article

View provider totals ↑

Citations received by this article, grouped by the year of the citing work. Crossref and OpenAlex lifetime totals remain separate in Publication metrics.

2017–2026 Annual history last updated:

Citations received

OpenAlex · year of the citing work

OpenAlex

Hover over a year or focus the chart and use arrow keys to inspect values.

2017–2026 annual-history window. 2026 is year to date. Unknown years have gaps.

View data & coverage

2026 is incomplete. Within a successfully fetched ten-year window, omitted years mean zero. Years beyond a saved observation’s window remain unknown (—). Older citations are excluded, so this chart’s sum may differ from the OpenAlex lifetime total. The date above belongs to this annual history; an unsuccessful refresh keeps the previous observation.

Overview

Abstract

The paper employs various measures of law enforcement to provide new evidence on the importance of legal institutions for different dimensions of financial development in transition economies. It offers a critical assessment of law enforcement measures employed in recent studies by showing that some proxies for law enforcement in the credit market may not be appropriate. Hence, care should be taken in how the quality of institutions is measured and the context which it represents. An original approach to measuring law enforcement in the credit market is developed by embodying the legal theory of dispute resolution and assessing this approach by collecting primary data for Kosovo. The findings suggest that Kosovo compares well with countries in the region andother transition economies in terms of the enforcement of creditor rights.

Keywords: {'name': 'Law Enforcement'}, {'name': 'Financial Development'}, {'name': 'Transition Economies'}, {'name': 'Kosovo'}

Authors & affiliations

Valentin Toci
Affiliation not supplied

Iraj Hashi
Affiliation not supplied

Deposited references

Supplied references, not a list of publications citing this article.

Arner, D., C. Booth, B. Hsu & P. Lejot (2006). Property Rights, Collateral, Creditor Rights and Financial

Development. European Business Law Review, 3, 1215 - 1240.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.660301

and Economics Working Paper, No. 265.

DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2057

Bester, H. (1985). Screening vs. Rationing in the Credit Market with Imperfect Information. American Economic

Review, 75, 850 - 855.

DOI: 10.1016/0014-2921(87)90005-5

, 887-899.

Bonin, J. & M. Schaffer (2002). Revisiting Hungary’s Bankruptcy Episode. in Meyendorff, A. and A. Thakor, eds.:

Designing Financial Systems in Transition Economies: Strategies for Reform in Central and Eastern Europe,

Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.

Business Conditions Index in Kosovo (2005). BCI, Prishtinë: Integra Consulting, KCBS and USAID.

Claessens, S. & L. Klapper (2002). Bankruptcy around the World: Explanations of Its Relative Use. World Bank

Working Paper, No. 2865.

Cooter, R. & D. Rubinfeld (1989). Economic Analysis of Legal Disputes and Their Resolution. Journal of Economic

Literature, 27, 1067 - 1097.

Cross, F. (2002). Law and Economic Growth. Texas Law Review, 80, 1737 - 1759.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.595142

Law and Economics Research Paper Series, No. 04-026.

DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00084

DeSoto, H. (2000). The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, New

York: Basic Books.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.03.004

- 329.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.304453

Paper, No. 8890.

DOI: 10.3386/w12807

No. 12807.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report, various years from 1995 to 2007, London:

EBRD.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1818728

Latin America. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 2, 29 - 37.

Goldsmith, R. (1969). Financial Structure and Development, New Haven: The Yale University Press.

Hall, T. & F. Jörgensen (2005). Legal Variation and External Finance, presented at Emerging Markets Finance

Conference, Cass Business School, London, U.K., May 5-6, 2005.

Haselmann, R., K. Pistor & V. Vig (2006). How Law Affects Lending, MPRA Working Paper, No. 157.

Hendley, K. (2001). Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg: Business Disputes in Russia. in Murrell, P., ed.: Assessing the

Value of Law in Transition Economies, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Hendley, K., P. Murrell & R. Ryterman (2001). Law Works in Russia: The Role of Law in Interenterprise

Transactions. in Murrell, P., ed.: Assessing the Value of Law in Transition Economies, Ann Arbor: The University of

Michigan Press.

DOI: 10.1353/mcb.2005.0021

Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 37, 223 - 244.

DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4370

Working Paper, No. 4370.

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.718081

World Bank Working Paper, No. 4012.

DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511752056.011

Capital Markets and Financial Intermediation, London: CEPR.

Kosovo Cluster and Business Support Project (2005). Constraint Study, Prishtinë: KCBS.

DOI: 10.3386/w5879

Finance, 52, 1131 - 1150.

DOI: 10.1086/250042

, 1113 - 1155.

Levine, R. (1997). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda. Journal of Economic

Literature, 35, 688 - 726.

DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2059

Monetary Economics, 46, 31 - 77.

DOI: 10.2307/2696390

Journal of Economics, 32, 726 - 744.

Messmann, S. (2005). Enforcement of Contracts in Central and Eastern Europe: A General Survey. in Andenas, M.

and G. Sanders, eds.: Enforcing Contracts in Transition Economies, London: The British Institute of International and

Comparative Law.

DOI: 10.1177/0010414002035001001

Comparative Political Studies, 35, 5 - 34.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05125.x

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.214654

Working Paper, No. 49.

Pistor, K. (2001). Institutional Reform: Importing and Adapting Legal Systems, presented at EUDN Annual Global

Development Conference: Understanding Reform, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, December 11, 2001.

DOI: 10.1111/1468-0351.00047

DOI: 10.1257/jep.10.2.87

Perspectives, 10, 87 - 103.

Slavova, S. (1999). Law and Finance in Transition Economies, LSE Financial Markets Group, London School of

Economics and Political Science Special Paper, No. 121.

Stanfield, D., S. Thomas, K. Kelm and J. Dorsey (2004). An Assessment of Property Rights in Kosovo, Prishtinë:

USAID.

Stglitz, J. & A. Weiss (1981). Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information. American Economic Review,

, 393 - 410.

Toçi, V. & A. Mustafa (2010). Enforcement of Creditor Rights in Kosovo. Financial Stability Report No.1, Central

Bank of the Republic of Kosovo, Prishtina: CBK

World Bank (2004). Kosovo Economic Memorandum, Country Report, No. 28023-KOS.

Zahler, R. (2004). Financial Sector’s Role in Economic Development in Kosova, Zahler&Co., Santiago, Chile,

mimeo.

Zingales, L. (2003). Commentary on: More on Finance and Growth – More Finance, More Growth? Federal Reserve

Bank of St. Louis Review, 85, 47 - 52.