Influence of Board Characteristics on Financial Distress of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya
Halldess nguta Munene · James Ndegwa N. · Thomas Senaji A. · Kenneth Mugambi
International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies · 2020 · Vol. 9 / Issue 4 · 97-110
Publication metrics
External links open provider records or DOI searches. Provider counts are not combined. Mendeley readership measures saves, not citations.
Dimensions
Live provider badge. If unavailable, use the Dimensions link above.
Observed 21 Oct 2026, 00:21 UTC
Observed 21 Oct 2026 00:22 UTC
OpenAlex and Mendeley observations refresh on article visits, at most once per 24 hours. Unavailable data is not zero. Google Scholar opens a DOI search.
Citations received by this article, grouped by the year of the citing work. Crossref and OpenAlex lifetime totals remain separate in Publication metrics.
2017–2026 Annual history last updated:
Citations received
OpenAlex · year of the citing work
Hover over a year or focus the chart and use arrow keys to inspect values.
2017–2026 annual-history window. 2026 is year to date. Unknown years have gaps.
View data & coverage
2026 is incomplete. Within a successfully fetched ten-year window, omitted years mean zero. Years beyond a saved observation’s window remain unknown (—). Older citations are excluded, so this chart’s sum may differ from the OpenAlex lifetime total. The date above belongs to this annual history; an unsuccessful refresh keeps the previous observation.
Abstract
The importance of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) cannot be underestimated. Despite their importance, they are faced with numerous challenges among them financial distress which threatens their very existence. The current research sought to establish the role of board characteristics in the financial distress suffered by Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. The study is anchored inter alia on Agency Theory. Descriptive research design was adopted while Nairobi County was purposively chosen and a census was carried out on deposit taking SACCOs in the county. Secondary data was collected from SASRA using a data collection sheet and a panel data analysis performed using STATA software. The findings were presented using tables. The study concluded that there was a relationship between board characteristics and financial distress of Deposit Taking SACCOs where board composition, board education and board tenure have statistically significant and negative influence on financial distress. In conclusion SACCOs need to have lean boards, Board composition should also be improved by including more women on boards, there should be more inclusion of members with high and relevant education credentials, and SACCOs should have term limits for their members while an analysis too based on the Altman’s Z score models should be adopted for SACCOs. Another research may be carried out to establish other factors causing financial distress and how to turn around the SACCOs already in distress.
Keywords: {'name': 'Financial Distress, Deposit taking SACCOs, Board Characteristics,'}
Authors & affiliations
Halldess nguta Munene
Affiliation not supplied
James Ndegwa N.
Affiliation not supplied
Thomas Senaji A.
Affiliation not supplied
Kenneth Mugambi
Affiliation not supplied
Deposited references
Supplied references, not a list of publications citing this article.
Aasen, M. R. (2011). Applying Altman’s Z-Score to the Financial Crisis: an empirical study of financial distress on Oslo Stock Exchange [Master's thesis, Norwegian School of Economics]. Digital archives. https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/169347/Aasen%202011.pdf?sequence=1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4266(97)00032-0
DOI: 10.21314/JCR.2018.243
Bathula, H. (2008). Board characteristics and firm performance: Evidence from New Zealand [Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology]. Institution repository http://hdl.handle.net/10292/376
DOI: 10.5465/256795
Birjandi, H., Hakemi, B., & Sadeghi, M. (2015). The study effect agency theory and signaling theory on the level of voluntary disclosure of listed companies in Tehran stock exchange. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-study-effect-agency-theory-and-signaling-theory Birjandihakemi/f8b3484448957f6a293a0f9dd1fd5eab92d231b0.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2006.05.005
DOI: 10.1108/03074351011014523
Campbell, J., Hilscher, J., & Szilagyi, J. (2005). In search of distress risk. The Journal of Finance, 23(6), 41. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/campbell/files/campbellhilscherszilagyi_jf2008.pdf .
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1985.tb00005.x
Chundu, P. P. (2014). Determinants of SACCOS’ financial sustainability in Ilala Municipality [Doctoral dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania]. Institution repository. http://repository.out.ac.tz/502/1/P10_-_FINAL_FOR_BLACK_BOOK.pdf
Combs, A., & Glass, B. (2007). U.S. Patent Application No. 11/703,961. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e2/44/81/fe22bd865b69fd/US20070203140A1.pdf
DOI: 10.5465/256801
DOI: 10.2307/256988
DOI: 10.1108/10569211311324911
Delves, B. D., & Patrick, B. (2006). Agency Theory Summary. https://docplayer.net/23937778-Agency-theory-summary-by-don-delves-and-brian-patrick.html
DOI: 10.33094/7.2017.2018.21.87.95
DOI: 10.5465/amr.1999.2202133
DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30152-6
Gathigia, W. R. (2016). Influence of corporate governance practice on financial [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archives. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/100230/Wanderi_Influence%20of%20Corporate%20Governance%20Practice%20on%20Financial%20Distress%20Among%20Commercial%20Banks%20in%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Gikuri, P. A., & Paulo, A. (2016). SACCOs and members expectations?: factors affecting SACCOs capacity to meet members expectations. (Co-operative Research Workshop). Moshi Co-operative University, Tanzania. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308948542_SACCOS_AND_MEMBERS'_EXPECTATIONS_FACTORS_AFFECTING_SACCOS_CAPACITY_TO_MEET_MEMBERS'_EXPECTATIONS
DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i11/4956
DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Kabaiya, F. M. (2012). The relationship between corporate governance practices and financial performance of SACCOs in Murang’a County [Master Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archives. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/16412/Kabaiya%20%20-The%20Relationship%20Between%20Corporate%20Governance%20Practices%20And%20Financial%20Performance%20Of%20SACCOs%20In%20Murang%E2%80%99a%20County?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
Kahuthu, D. G. (2016). Impact of prudential regulation on financial performance of deposit taking savings and credit co-operative societies in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technolgy]. Institution repository. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f146/834162b261ce716bf28e21324815b30651a7.pdf
Kamau, C. G. (2016). Effect of management practices on creative accounting among corporations listed at the Nairobi securities exchange [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Digital archives http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/2084/Kamau%2C%20C.G.%20PhD%20B.A.%202016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kanyi, A. M., Maina, K. E., & Kariuki, S. (2018). Corporate governance and financial performance of savings and credit co-operatives in Embu County, Kenya. International Journal of Finance, Accounting and Economics (IJFAE), 1(2), 1-1. https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjjyoatj_LqAhXDBGMBHZQUAkEQFjABegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1465578%2Ffiles%2FCorporate-Governance-and-Financial-Performance-of-Savings-and-Credit-Co-Operatives-in-Embu-County-Kenya%25281%2529.pdf%3Fdownload%3D1&usg=AOvVaw2553xtIDaFeIB8cnbZcYzZ
Kariuki, H. N. (2013). The effect of financial distress on financial performance of commercial banks in kenya [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archive. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/58672/The%20Effect%20of%20Financial%20Distress%20on%20Financial%20Performance%20of%20Commercial%20Banks%20in%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1904026369
Kenya Union of Savings Credit Co-operative Unions. (2007, September 18). Kenyans practice of saving in SACCO’s. The SACCO Family Union Newspaper.
Muammar Khaddafi & Falahuddin & Mohd. Heikal & Ayu Nandari, 2017. "analysis z-score to predict bankruptcy in banks listed in indonesia stock exchange,”International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 326-330.
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.06.001
Kiaritha, H. W. (2015). Determinants of the financial performance of savings and credit co-operatives in the banking sector in kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Technology]. Digital archive. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/1598/KIARITHA%2C%20HANNAH%20WAITHERA-%20PHD%20BUSINESS%20ADMINITRATION%20-2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
DOI: 10.1080/16081625.2019.1566870
Kinyariro, D., Meeme, M., Maina, J., & Muriithi, M. (2016). Implications of Basel III accord adherence on financial distress status of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4(7), 1-15. http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/4744.pdf
DOI: 10.9790/487X-16148093
Kiptoo, G. K., Wanyoike, D. M., & Gathogo, G. (2015). Influence of cross-borrowing on financial performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Eldama Ravine Sub-County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(4), 58-65 http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4398/Kiptoo_Influence%20of%20Cross-Borrowing%20on%20Financial%20Performance.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Kirimi, P., Simiyu, J., & Murithi, D. (2017). Effect of debt finance on financial performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Maara Sub-County, Tharaka Niithi County, Kenya. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management, 2 (3), 113-130. 10.11648/j.ijafrm.20170205.11
Kivuvo, R. M., & Olweny, T. (2014). Financial performance analysis of Kenya’s SACCO sector using the altiman Z score model of corporate Bankruptcy. International. Journal Bussiness Social Science, 5(9), 34–52. http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_9_1_August_2014/4.pdf
Kombo, D. K., & Tromp, D. L. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing: an introduction. Pualines Publications Africa.
Kosikoh, J. C. (2014). Determinants of financial distress in insurance companies in Kenya. [Master's Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Institution repository. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/handle/123456789/5162
odology: methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International Publisher.
DOI: 10.19030/jabr.v31i3.9236
DOI: 10.1515/rebs-2016-0024
Lubawa, G. & Louangrath, P. (2016). “Using Altman Z-Score to Assess the Financial
Effects of Multiple Loans on SMEs.” Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1:
pp. 63-86. (Jan. – Mar. 2016).
DOI: 10.3758/BF03193007
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-011-0973-z
Maina, F. G., & Sakwa, M. M. (2012). Understanding financial distress among listed firms in nairobi stock exchange: a quantitative approach using the Z-Score multi-discriminant financial analysis model (JKUAT Annual Scientific Conference Procedings). Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technoloty, Nairobi. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3399
Maina, R. G. (2009). The role of cooperative education in the performance of savings and credit cooperative societies: a case of SACCOs in Nyeri District [Master's Thesis, Kenyatta University]. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/984
Makori, J., Munene, C., & Muturi, W. (2013). The challenges facing deposit-taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies’ regulatory compliance in Kenya. A case of the Gusii Region, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(12), 1013–1081. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3311
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2016.08.001
McNamara, R., Duncan, K., & Kelly, S. (2013). Micro and macro determinants of financial distress. In T. Hoque (Ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Business Research Conference (pp. 1-25). Melbourne: World Business Institute Australia. https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/27700878/Micro_and_macro_determinants_of_financial_distress.pdf
Memba, F., & Nyanumba, J. A. (2013). Causes of financial distress: a survey of firms funded by industrial and commercial development corporation in Kenya. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(12), 1171-1185. https://journal-archieves31.webs.com/1171-1185.pdf
DOI: 10.5465/amr.1996.9605060217
Ministry of Indistrialization and Enterprise Development. (2014). History and organization of cooperative development and marketing sub sector in Kenya. http://www.industrialization.go.ke/index.php/downloads/123-history-and-organization-of-cooperative-development-and-marketing-sub-sector-in-kenya
Mirvis, T. N., & Savitt, W. (2015). The dangers of independent directors. Del. J. Corp. L., 40, 481. https://www.wlrk.com/webdocs/wlrknew/AttorneyPubs/WLRK.25278.16.pdf
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1020378
Mudibo, E. K. (2005). Corporate governance in Co-operatives the East African experience. Conference Pan-African Consultative Forum on Corporate Governance. Dakar, Senegal. www.ifc.org/ifcext/,.../Edward+K+Mudibo+(Co-ops.doc
Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. African Centre for Technology Studies.
Muriithi, J. G. (2016). Effect of financial risk on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Institution repository. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/2376/jane%20gathiga%20muriithi%20phd%20finanace%20thesis%202016.pdf?sequence=3&isallowed=y
Mwanza, D. K. (2009). Corporate governance practices and performance of afya SACCO society limited [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archives. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/12467/Mwanza%20Daniel%20K_Corporate%20Governance%20Practices%20and%20Performance%20of%20Afya%20SACCO%20Society%20Limited.pdf?sequence=2
Mwaura, F. (2005). An analysis of factors affecting performance of Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Kenya [Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi]. https://chss.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/MWAURA%20FRANCIS%20KAMAU.doc.pdf
Ndirangu, D. K. (2013). The effect of agency banking on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archive. https://chss.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/THE%20EFFECT%20OF%20AGENCY%20BANKING%20ON%20FINANCIAL%20PERFORMANCE%20OF%20COMMERCIAL%20BANKS%20IN%20KENYA%20Ndirangu%20Dunca.pdf
Ndung'u, M. W. (2013). Relationship between risk management practices and financial performance of SASRA regulated SACCOs in Nairobi [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/58435
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01411.x
Njogo, N. S. (2011). A survey into the causes of financial distress in co-operative societies in nairobi [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/13070/Ndirangu_Asurvey%20into%20the%20causes%20of%20financial%20distress%20in%20co-operative%20societies%20in%20Nairobi.pdf?sequence=4
Ntim, C. G., & Osei, K. A. (2011). The impact of corporate board meetings on corporate performance in South Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 2(2), 83-103. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1974115
Ntoiti, J. (2013). Determinants of financial distress facing local authorities in service delivery in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Determinants-of-Financial-Distress-Facing-Local-in-Ntoiti/b1bc85b6f8da165f1d726d3794d70c8085bdddb0
Nyaga, K. J. (2014). The effect of corporate governance on the financial performance of SACCOs regulated by SASRA [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. epository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/102125
DOI: 10.12735/jbm.v2i3p12
Odhiambo, J. (2011). The relationship between working capital management and financial performance of deposit taking savings and credit co-operative societies licensed by SACCO societies regulatory authority in Nairobi county. [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/12776
Oguku J. O., & Olweny, T. (2016). The effect of corporate governance on financial performance of deposit taking SACCO’s in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journey of Science and Technology and Information Technology, 2(3), 178–183. https://www.academia.edu/25919374/the_effect_of_corporate_governance_on_financial_performance_of_deposit_taking_SACCOs_in_kiambu_county_kenya
Olando, C. O. (2012). An assessment of financial practice as a determinant of growth of savings and credit co-operative societies’ wealth in Kenya: the case of Meru County [PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University]. Institution repository. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/6533/CLEMENT%20OOKO%20OLANDO.pdf?sequence=3
Olando, C. O., Mbewa, M. O., & Jagongo, A. (2012). Financial practice as a determinant of growth of savings and credit co-operative societies wealth. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24), 204–219. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7758
DOI: 10.1108/13527600110797272
Ombaba, K. B. M., & Omuya, J. (2016). Women in institutional boards and their influence on board effectiveness in Africa. International Journal of Management Education and Governance (AIJMEG), 1(2): 33-39. http://library.garissauniversity.ac.ke/jspui/handle/1/86
Ondieki, A. N., Okioga, C., Okwena, D. K., & Onsase, A. (2012). Assessment of the effect of external financing on financial performance of savings and credit cooperatives in Kisii central district, Kenya. In JKUAT annual scientific conference proceedings. http://41.204.187.91/index.php/jscp/article/download/421/395
Ongore, V. O. (2008). The effects of ownership structure, board effectiveness and managerial discretion on performance of listed companies in Kenya. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi]. Institutional repositoty. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/23447/Ongore_The%20effects%20of%20ownership%20structure,%20board%20effectiveness%20and%20managerial%20discretion%20on%20performance.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
Ooko, C. O., Jagongo, A., & Mbewa, M. O. (2013). The contribution of SACCO financial stewardship to growth of SACCOs in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(17), 112–137. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_17_September_2013/14.pdf
Orodho, J. A. (1997). Research and publications in private and public universities in Kenya?: an agenda for the 21st century. Bureau of Educational Research.
Otieno, K., Mugo, R., Njeje, D., & Kimathi, A. (2015). Effect of corporate governance on financial performance of SACCOS in Kenya. Research Journal of Finance, 6(2), 48–59. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RJFA/article/view/19174
Outecheva, N. (2007). Corporate financial distress?: an empirical analysis of distress risk [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Gallen]. Institution repository. http://www1.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/syslkpbyidentifier/3430/$file/dis3430.pdf
Pálinkó, É., & Svoób, Á. (2016). Main causes and process of financial distress. Public Finance Quarterly, 61(4), 516. https://www.penzugyiszemle.hu/pfq/upload/pdf/penzugyi_szemle_angol/volume_61_2016_4/palinko_2016_4_a.pdf
Pereira, V. M., & Filipe, J. A. (2015). Measuring the board’s members effect on banks’ performance: an application to Portugal. Measuring the board’s members effect on banks’ performance: an application to Portugal, (4), 1015-1030.University Institute of Lisbon https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/bitstream/10071/11709/5/3_IJLTFES___Paper_2___Portuguese_Banks1_12112015.pdf
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.013
DOI: 10.1016/j.acclit.2016.09.002
Pohjanen, B., Bengtsson, D., & Smith, E. (2010). Return on diversity? A study on how diversity in board of directors and top management teams affects ?rm performance [Thesis, Kristianstad University College]. Institutional repository. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:324492
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.045
Rechden, C. N., & Miller, K. B. (2015). Company in distress?: Directors needn't be-mitigating risks at the Board (No. 95381, pp. 1-12). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/167701468328788969/Company-in-distress-Directors-neednt-be-mitigating-risks-at-the-Board
Reen, K. P. (2014). The effect of size, age and growth on the profitability of savings and credit cooperative societies in Nairobi County [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef87/1b0551d8b10b7177eb5655f58ebf0ca79b13.pdf
DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90002-H
SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority. (2015). Guidelines on good governance deposit-taking SACCO. SASRA. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj5tIaZ0frkAhUDWxoKHczoD2QQFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasra.go.ke%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fguidelines-and-circulars%3Fdownload%3D72%3Agovernance-guidelines&usg=AOvVaw2L9XGwG1zKNofG92D8ida_
Saleemi, N. A. (2018). Economic simplified: Revised, updated and expanded edition (5th ed.). Saleemi Publications Ltd
Saunders, A., & Cornett, M. M. (2012). Financial markets and institutions: a risk management approach. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill, Arwin.
DOI: 10.19030/jabr.v22i1.1443
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. J. (2016). Research methods for business. (7th ed.). Wiley.
DOI: 10.1561/0500000009
Shaukat, A., & Hina, A. (2015). Impact of financial distress on financial performance -a study related to Pakistani corporate sector. International Journal of Current Research, 7(7), 749. https://www.journalcra.com/article/impact-financial-distress-financial-performance-study-related-pakistani-corporate-sector
DOI: 10.1002/smj.4250100711
Sitati, A., & Odipo, M. K. (2009). Evaluation of applicability of Altman's revised model in prediction of Financial Distress: A case of companies quoted in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. [Master thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institutional repository. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiW94z59e_qAhXZ6OAKHRVpBEoQFjAAegQIAxAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Ferepository.uonbi.ac.ke%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11295%2F5380%2FBwisa_Evaluation%2520Of%2520Applicability%2520Of%2520Altman%2527s%2520Revised%2520Model%2520In%2520Prediction%2520Of%2520Financial%2520Distress%2520In%2520Kenya.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&usg=AOvVaw0TNFu-iqcwchPA0netGrnm
Smith, T. R. (2011). Agency theory and its consequences: a study of the unintended effect of agency theory on risk and morality [Master Thesis, Copenhagen Business School]. http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2798
DOI: 10.1108/14626000710746637
DOI: 10.2307/1882010
DOI: 10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.36.2006
DOI: 10.1016/S0742-7301(02)21008-7
DOI: 10.1007/s11573-017-0881-5
DOI: 10.1201/b18270
DOI: 10.1111/caim.12110
Tesfamariam, Y. (2014). The determinants of financial distress in the case of manufacturing share companies in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia [Master's Thesis, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa]. http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5744
Tobias, O., & Richard, M. K. (2014). Financial performance analysis of Kenya’s SACCO sector, using the Altiman Z Score Model of corporate bankruptcy. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(9). https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjP5YSC7_LqAhVT6uAKHTsfAbUQFjAAegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FFinancial-Performance-Analysis-of-Kenya%2527s-SACCO-the-Kivuvo-Olweny%2Fc8dff8903a70003f423333db3f3af1681cb19365&usg=AOvVaw0cgcurUSDfIw-O9Fie9gwx
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.03.005
DOI: 10.1111/1468-5957.05525
Wanderi, G. W. (2016). Effect of organizational justice on organizational commitment in public secondary schools and commercial banks in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Institution repository. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/2458/KARANJA%20GEORGE%20Wanderi%2C%20PhD%2C%20%28HRM%29%202016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
DOI: 10.1177/0146621615602855
Wanjohi, F. M. (2016). Effect of management efficiency on credit risk in deposit taking SACCO’s in Kenya. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 3(2), 20. http://strategicjournals.com/index.php/journal/article/view/276
DOI: 10.15208/beh.2018.28
DOI: 10.1111/j.1370-4788.2005.00286.x
Waweru, N. M., & Kalani, V. M. (2009). Commercial banking crises in Kenya?: causes and remedies. Global Journal of Finance and Banking, 3(3), 23–43. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Commercial-Banking-Crises-in-Kenya%3A-Causes-and-Waweru-Kalani/27d34f05febf0d2dbe0dc2b540a47ce7185c10d8
Wayne, V., Dirk, M., Manfred, P. (2010). The A to Z of corporate social responsibility (2nd Revised ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Webster, J., & Watson, R. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: writing a literature review. Management Information System Quarterly, 26(2), 90. 10.2307/4132319.
DOI: 10.61426/sjbcm.v5i4.933
Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years in research. Research in organizational behavior, 20, 77-140. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_OReilly/publication/234022034_Demography_and_Diversity_in_Organizations_A_Review_of_40_Years_of_Research/links/55b0f45d08aec0e5f430e49e/Demography-and-Diversity-in-Organizations-A-Review-of-40-Years-of-Research.pdf
Williamson, O. E. (1964). Corporate control and business behavior: managerial objectives in a theory of the firm. Prentice-Hall.
World Council of Credit Unions. (2008). 2008 statistical report. https://www.woccu.org/documents/2008_Statistical_Report
DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90063-6
Yang, K., & Miller, G. (2008). Handbook of research methods in public administration. Taylor & Francis Group.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(95)00844-5
Zikmund, W., Babin, J., Carr, C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business research methods. (8th ed.). Mason, HO: Cengage Learning. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e4a6/312402a230f5f72904b0ac4c53d89852ad11.pdf