CiteNScope — Scholarly Index & Analytics
Discover / IJFBSPUBLICATION RECORD

Influence of Board Characteristics on Financial Distress of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya

Halldess nguta Munene · James Ndegwa N. · Thomas Senaji A. · Kenneth Mugambi

International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies · 2020 · Vol. 9 / Issue 4 · 97-110

Research reach

Publication metrics

External links open provider records or DOI searches. Provider counts are not combined. Mendeley readership measures saves, not citations.

Dimensions

Live provider badge. If unavailable, use the Dimensions link above.

CROSSREF CITATIONS2

Observed 21 Oct 2026, 00:21 UTC

OpenAlex · Citations8Cached provider observation

Observed 21 Oct 2026 00:22 UTC

Mendeley · Readers—No verified count available

OpenAlex and Mendeley observations refresh on article visits, at most once per 24 hours. Unavailable data is not zero. Google Scholar opens a DOI search.

OpenAlex / Citation year

Annual citations to this article

View provider totals ↑

Citations received by this article, grouped by the year of the citing work. Crossref and OpenAlex lifetime totals remain separate in Publication metrics.

2017–2026 Annual history last updated:

Citations received

OpenAlex · year of the citing work

OpenAlex

Hover over a year or focus the chart and use arrow keys to inspect values.

2017–2026 annual-history window. 2026 is year to date. Unknown years have gaps.

View data & coverage

2026 is incomplete. Within a successfully fetched ten-year window, omitted years mean zero. Years beyond a saved observation’s window remain unknown (—). Older citations are excluded, so this chart’s sum may differ from the OpenAlex lifetime total. The date above belongs to this annual history; an unsuccessful refresh keeps the previous observation.

Overview

Abstract

The importance of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) cannot be underestimated. Despite their importance, they are faced with numerous challenges among them financial distress which threatens their very existence. The current research sought to establish the role of board characteristics in the financial distress suffered by Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. The study is anchored inter alia on Agency Theory. Descriptive research design was adopted while Nairobi County was purposively chosen and a census was carried out on deposit taking SACCOs in the county. Secondary data was collected from SASRA using a data collection sheet and a panel data analysis performed using STATA software. The findings were presented using tables. The study concluded that there was a relationship between board characteristics and financial distress of Deposit Taking SACCOs where board composition, board education and board tenure have statistically significant and negative influence on financial distress. In conclusion SACCOs need to have lean boards, Board composition should also be improved by including more women on boards, there should be more inclusion of members with high and relevant education credentials, and SACCOs should have term limits for their members while an analysis too based on the Altman’s Z score models should be adopted for SACCOs. Another research may be carried out to establish other factors causing financial distress and how to turn around the SACCOs already in distress.

Keywords: {'name': 'Financial Distress, Deposit taking SACCOs, Board Characteristics,'}

Authors & affiliations

Halldess nguta Munene
Affiliation not supplied

James Ndegwa N.
Affiliation not supplied

Thomas Senaji A.
Affiliation not supplied

Kenneth Mugambi
Affiliation not supplied

Deposited references

Supplied references, not a list of publications citing this article.

Aasen, M. R. (2011). Applying Altman’s Z-Score to the Financial Crisis: an empirical study of financial distress on Oslo Stock Exchange [Master's thesis, Norwegian School of Economics]. Digital archives. https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/169347/Aasen%202011.pdf?sequence=1

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007

DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4266(97)00032-0

DOI: 10.21314/JCR.2018.243

Bathula, H. (2008). Board characteristics and firm performance: Evidence from New Zealand [Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology]. Institution repository http://hdl.handle.net/10292/376

DOI: 10.5465/256795

Birjandi, H., Hakemi, B., & Sadeghi, M. (2015). The study effect agency theory and signaling theory on the level of voluntary disclosure of listed companies in Tehran stock exchange. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-study-effect-agency-theory-and-signaling-theory Birjandihakemi/f8b3484448957f6a293a0f9dd1fd5eab92d231b0.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2006.05.005

DOI: 10.1108/03074351011014523

Campbell, J., Hilscher, J., & Szilagyi, J. (2005). In search of distress risk. The Journal of Finance, 23(6), 41. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/campbell/files/campbellhilscherszilagyi_jf2008.pdf .

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1985.tb00005.x

Chundu, P. P. (2014). Determinants of SACCOS’ financial sustainability in Ilala Municipality [Doctoral dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania]. Institution repository. http://repository.out.ac.tz/502/1/P10_-_FINAL_FOR_BLACK_BOOK.pdf

Combs, A., & Glass, B. (2007). U.S. Patent Application No. 11/703,961. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/e2/44/81/fe22bd865b69fd/US20070203140A1.pdf

DOI: 10.5465/256801

DOI: 10.2307/256988

DOI: 10.1108/10569211311324911

Delves, B. D., & Patrick, B. (2006). Agency Theory Summary. https://docplayer.net/23937778-Agency-theory-summary-by-don-delves-and-brian-patrick.html

DOI: 10.33094/7.2017.2018.21.87.95

DOI: 10.5465/amr.1999.2202133

DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30152-6

Gathigia, W. R. (2016). Influence of corporate governance practice on financial [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archives. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/100230/Wanderi_Influence%20of%20Corporate%20Governance%20Practice%20on%20Financial%20Distress%20Among%20Commercial%20Banks%20in%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Gikuri, P. A., & Paulo, A. (2016). SACCOs and members expectations?: factors affecting SACCOs capacity to meet members expectations. (Co-operative Research Workshop). Moshi Co-operative University, Tanzania. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308948542_SACCOS_AND_MEMBERS'_EXPECTATIONS_FACTORS_AFFECTING_SACCOS_CAPACITY_TO_MEET_MEMBERS'_EXPECTATIONS

DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i11/4956

DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Kabaiya, F. M. (2012). The relationship between corporate governance practices and financial performance of SACCOs in Murang’a County [Master Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archives. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/16412/Kabaiya%20%20-The%20Relationship%20Between%20Corporate%20Governance%20Practices%20And%20Financial%20Performance%20Of%20SACCOs%20In%20Murang%E2%80%99a%20County?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Kahuthu, D. G. (2016). Impact of prudential regulation on financial performance of deposit taking savings and credit co-operative societies in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technolgy]. Institution repository. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f146/834162b261ce716bf28e21324815b30651a7.pdf

Kamau, C. G. (2016). Effect of management practices on creative accounting among corporations listed at the Nairobi securities exchange [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Digital archives http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/2084/Kamau%2C%20C.G.%20PhD%20B.A.%202016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Kanyi, A. M., Maina, K. E., & Kariuki, S. (2018). Corporate governance and financial performance of savings and credit co-operatives in Embu County, Kenya. International Journal of Finance, Accounting and Economics (IJFAE), 1(2), 1-1. https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjjyoatj_LqAhXDBGMBHZQUAkEQFjABegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1465578%2Ffiles%2FCorporate-Governance-and-Financial-Performance-of-Savings-and-Credit-Co-Operatives-in-Embu-County-Kenya%25281%2529.pdf%3Fdownload%3D1&usg=AOvVaw2553xtIDaFeIB8cnbZcYzZ

Kariuki, H. N. (2013). The effect of financial distress on financial performance of commercial banks in kenya [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archive. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/58672/The%20Effect%20of%20Financial%20Distress%20on%20Financial%20Performance%20of%20Commercial%20Banks%20in%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3

DOI: 10.9790/487X-1904026369

Kenya Union of Savings Credit Co-operative Unions. (2007, September 18). Kenyans practice of saving in SACCO’s. The SACCO Family Union Newspaper.

Muammar Khaddafi & Falahuddin & Mohd. Heikal & Ayu Nandari, 2017. "analysis z-score to predict bankruptcy in banks listed in indonesia stock exchange,”International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 326-330.

DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.06.001

Kiaritha, H. W. (2015). Determinants of the financial performance of savings and credit co-operatives in the banking sector in kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Technology]. Digital archive. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/1598/KIARITHA%2C%20HANNAH%20WAITHERA-%20PHD%20BUSINESS%20ADMINITRATION%20-2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

DOI: 10.1080/16081625.2019.1566870

Kinyariro, D., Meeme, M., Maina, J., & Muriithi, M. (2016). Implications of Basel III accord adherence on financial distress status of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4(7), 1-15. http://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/4744.pdf

DOI: 10.9790/487X-16148093

Kiptoo, G. K., Wanyoike, D. M., & Gathogo, G. (2015). Influence of cross-borrowing on financial performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Eldama Ravine Sub-County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(4), 58-65 http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4398/Kiptoo_Influence%20of%20Cross-Borrowing%20on%20Financial%20Performance.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Kirimi, P., Simiyu, J., & Murithi, D. (2017). Effect of debt finance on financial performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Maara Sub-County, Tharaka Niithi County, Kenya. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management, 2 (3), 113-130. 10.11648/j.ijafrm.20170205.11

Kivuvo, R. M., & Olweny, T. (2014). Financial performance analysis of Kenya’s SACCO sector using the altiman Z score model of corporate Bankruptcy. International. Journal Bussiness Social Science, 5(9), 34–52. http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_9_1_August_2014/4.pdf

Kombo, D. K., & Tromp, D. L. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing: an introduction. Pualines Publications Africa.

Kosikoh, J. C. (2014). Determinants of financial distress in insurance companies in Kenya. [Master's Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Institution repository. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/handle/123456789/5162

odology: methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International Publisher.

DOI: 10.19030/jabr.v31i3.9236

DOI: 10.1515/rebs-2016-0024

Lubawa, G. & Louangrath, P. (2016). “Using Altman Z-Score to Assess the Financial

Effects of Multiple Loans on SMEs.” Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1:

pp. 63-86. (Jan. – Mar. 2016).

DOI: 10.3758/BF03193007

DOI: 10.1007/s10551-011-0973-z

Maina, F. G., & Sakwa, M. M. (2012). Understanding financial distress among listed firms in nairobi stock exchange: a quantitative approach using the Z-Score multi-discriminant financial analysis model (JKUAT Annual Scientific Conference Procedings). Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technoloty, Nairobi. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3399

Maina, R. G. (2009). The role of cooperative education in the performance of savings and credit cooperative societies: a case of SACCOs in Nyeri District [Master's Thesis, Kenyatta University]. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/984

Makori, J., Munene, C., & Muturi, W. (2013). The challenges facing deposit-taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies’ regulatory compliance in Kenya. A case of the Gusii Region, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(12), 1013–1081. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3311

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2016.08.001

McNamara, R., Duncan, K., & Kelly, S. (2013). Micro and macro determinants of financial distress. In T. Hoque (Ed.), Proceedings of the 15th International Business Research Conference (pp. 1-25). Melbourne: World Business Institute Australia. https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/27700878/Micro_and_macro_determinants_of_financial_distress.pdf

Memba, F., & Nyanumba, J. A. (2013). Causes of financial distress: a survey of firms funded by industrial and commercial development corporation in Kenya. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(12), 1171-1185. https://journal-archieves31.webs.com/1171-1185.pdf

DOI: 10.5465/amr.1996.9605060217

Ministry of Indistrialization and Enterprise Development. (2014). History and organization of cooperative development and marketing sub sector in Kenya. http://www.industrialization.go.ke/index.php/downloads/123-history-and-organization-of-cooperative-development-and-marketing-sub-sector-in-kenya

Mirvis, T. N., & Savitt, W. (2015). The dangers of independent directors. Del. J. Corp. L., 40, 481. https://www.wlrk.com/webdocs/wlrknew/AttorneyPubs/WLRK.25278.16.pdf

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1020378

Mudibo, E. K. (2005). Corporate governance in Co-operatives the East African experience. Conference Pan-African Consultative Forum on Corporate Governance. Dakar, Senegal. www.ifc.org/ifcext/,.../Edward+K+Mudibo+(Co-ops.doc

Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. African Centre for Technology Studies.

Muriithi, J. G. (2016). Effect of financial risk on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Institution repository. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/2376/jane%20gathiga%20muriithi%20phd%20finanace%20thesis%202016.pdf?sequence=3&isallowed=y

Mwanza, D. K. (2009). Corporate governance practices and performance of afya SACCO society limited [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archives. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/12467/Mwanza%20Daniel%20K_Corporate%20Governance%20Practices%20and%20Performance%20of%20Afya%20SACCO%20Society%20Limited.pdf?sequence=2

Mwaura, F. (2005). An analysis of factors affecting performance of Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Kenya [Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi]. https://chss.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/MWAURA%20FRANCIS%20KAMAU.doc.pdf

Ndirangu, D. K. (2013). The effect of agency banking on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Digital archive. https://chss.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/THE%20EFFECT%20OF%20AGENCY%20BANKING%20ON%20FINANCIAL%20PERFORMANCE%20OF%20COMMERCIAL%20BANKS%20IN%20KENYA%20Ndirangu%20Dunca.pdf

Ndung'u, M. W. (2013). Relationship between risk management practices and financial performance of SASRA regulated SACCOs in Nairobi [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/58435

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01411.x

Njogo, N. S. (2011). A survey into the causes of financial distress in co-operative societies in nairobi [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/13070/Ndirangu_Asurvey%20into%20the%20causes%20of%20financial%20distress%20in%20co-operative%20societies%20in%20Nairobi.pdf?sequence=4

Ntim, C. G., & Osei, K. A. (2011). The impact of corporate board meetings on corporate performance in South Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 2(2), 83-103. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1974115

Ntoiti, J. (2013). Determinants of financial distress facing local authorities in service delivery in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Determinants-of-Financial-Distress-Facing-Local-in-Ntoiti/b1bc85b6f8da165f1d726d3794d70c8085bdddb0

Nyaga, K. J. (2014). The effect of corporate governance on the financial performance of SACCOs regulated by SASRA [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. epository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/102125

DOI: 10.12735/jbm.v2i3p12

Odhiambo, J. (2011). The relationship between working capital management and financial performance of deposit taking savings and credit co-operative societies licensed by SACCO societies regulatory authority in Nairobi county. [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/12776

Oguku J. O., & Olweny, T. (2016). The effect of corporate governance on financial performance of deposit taking SACCO’s in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journey of Science and Technology and Information Technology, 2(3), 178–183. https://www.academia.edu/25919374/the_effect_of_corporate_governance_on_financial_performance_of_deposit_taking_SACCOs_in_kiambu_county_kenya

Olando, C. O. (2012). An assessment of financial practice as a determinant of growth of savings and credit co-operative societies’ wealth in Kenya: the case of Meru County [PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University]. Institution repository. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/6533/CLEMENT%20OOKO%20OLANDO.pdf?sequence=3

Olando, C. O., Mbewa, M. O., & Jagongo, A. (2012). Financial practice as a determinant of growth of savings and credit co-operative societies wealth. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24), 204–219. http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7758

DOI: 10.1108/13527600110797272

Ombaba, K. B. M., & Omuya, J. (2016). Women in institutional boards and their influence on board effectiveness in Africa. International Journal of Management Education and Governance (AIJMEG), 1(2): 33-39. http://library.garissauniversity.ac.ke/jspui/handle/1/86

Ondieki, A. N., Okioga, C., Okwena, D. K., & Onsase, A. (2012). Assessment of the effect of external financing on financial performance of savings and credit cooperatives in Kisii central district, Kenya. In JKUAT annual scientific conference proceedings. http://41.204.187.91/index.php/jscp/article/download/421/395

Ongore, V. O. (2008). The effects of ownership structure, board effectiveness and managerial discretion on performance of listed companies in Kenya. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi]. Institutional repositoty. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/23447/Ongore_The%20effects%20of%20ownership%20structure,%20board%20effectiveness%20and%20managerial%20discretion%20on%20performance.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Ooko, C. O., Jagongo, A., & Mbewa, M. O. (2013). The contribution of SACCO financial stewardship to growth of SACCOs in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(17), 112–137. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_17_September_2013/14.pdf

Orodho, J. A. (1997). Research and publications in private and public universities in Kenya?: an agenda for the 21st century. Bureau of Educational Research.

Otieno, K., Mugo, R., Njeje, D., & Kimathi, A. (2015). Effect of corporate governance on financial performance of SACCOS in Kenya. Research Journal of Finance, 6(2), 48–59. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RJFA/article/view/19174

Outecheva, N. (2007). Corporate financial distress?: an empirical analysis of distress risk [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Gallen]. Institution repository. http://www1.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/syslkpbyidentifier/3430/$file/dis3430.pdf

Pálinkó, É., & Svoób, Á. (2016). Main causes and process of financial distress. Public Finance Quarterly, 61(4), 516. https://www.penzugyiszemle.hu/pfq/upload/pdf/penzugyi_szemle_angol/volume_61_2016_4/palinko_2016_4_a.pdf

Pereira, V. M., & Filipe, J. A. (2015). Measuring the board’s members effect on banks’ performance: an application to Portugal. Measuring the board’s members effect on banks’ performance: an application to Portugal, (4), 1015-1030.University Institute of Lisbon https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/bitstream/10071/11709/5/3_IJLTFES___Paper_2___Portuguese_Banks1_12112015.pdf

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.013

DOI: 10.1016/j.acclit.2016.09.002

Pohjanen, B., Bengtsson, D., & Smith, E. (2010). Return on diversity? A study on how diversity in board of directors and top management teams affects ?rm performance [Thesis, Kristianstad University College]. Institutional repository. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:324492

DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.045

Rechden, C. N., & Miller, K. B. (2015). Company in distress?: Directors needn't be-mitigating risks at the Board (No. 95381, pp. 1-12). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/167701468328788969/Company-in-distress-Directors-neednt-be-mitigating-risks-at-the-Board

Reen, K. P. (2014). The effect of size, age and growth on the profitability of savings and credit cooperative societies in Nairobi County [Master's Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institution repository. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef87/1b0551d8b10b7177eb5655f58ebf0ca79b13.pdf

DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90002-H

SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority. (2015). Guidelines on good governance deposit-taking SACCO. SASRA. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj5tIaZ0frkAhUDWxoKHczoD2QQFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasra.go.ke%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fguidelines-and-circulars%3Fdownload%3D72%3Agovernance-guidelines&usg=AOvVaw2L9XGwG1zKNofG92D8ida_

Saleemi, N. A. (2018). Economic simplified: Revised, updated and expanded edition (5th ed.). Saleemi Publications Ltd

Saunders, A., & Cornett, M. M. (2012). Financial markets and institutions: a risk management approach. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill, Arwin.

DOI: 10.19030/jabr.v22i1.1443

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. J. (2016). Research methods for business. (7th ed.). Wiley.

DOI: 10.1561/0500000009

Shaukat, A., & Hina, A. (2015). Impact of financial distress on financial performance -a study related to Pakistani corporate sector. International Journal of Current Research, 7(7), 749. https://www.journalcra.com/article/impact-financial-distress-financial-performance-study-related-pakistani-corporate-sector

DOI: 10.1002/smj.4250100711

Sitati, A., & Odipo, M. K. (2009). Evaluation of applicability of Altman's revised model in prediction of Financial Distress: A case of companies quoted in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. [Master thesis, University of Nairobi]. Institutional repository. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiW94z59e_qAhXZ6OAKHRVpBEoQFjAAegQIAxAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Ferepository.uonbi.ac.ke%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11295%2F5380%2FBwisa_Evaluation%2520Of%2520Applicability%2520Of%2520Altman%2527s%2520Revised%2520Model%2520In%2520Prediction%2520Of%2520Financial%2520Distress%2520In%2520Kenya.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&usg=AOvVaw0TNFu-iqcwchPA0netGrnm

Smith, T. R. (2011). Agency theory and its consequences: a study of the unintended effect of agency theory on risk and morality [Master Thesis, Copenhagen Business School]. http://hdl.handle.net/10417/2798

DOI: 10.1108/14626000710746637

DOI: 10.2307/1882010

DOI: 10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.36.2006

DOI: 10.1016/S0742-7301(02)21008-7

DOI: 10.1007/s11573-017-0881-5

DOI: 10.1201/b18270

DOI: 10.1111/caim.12110

Tesfamariam, Y. (2014). The determinants of financial distress in the case of manufacturing share companies in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia [Master's Thesis, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa]. http://localhost:80/xmlui/handle/123456789/5744

Tobias, O., & Richard, M. K. (2014). Financial performance analysis of Kenya’s SACCO sector, using the Altiman Z Score Model of corporate bankruptcy. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(9). https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjP5YSC7_LqAhVT6uAKHTsfAbUQFjAAegQIAxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FFinancial-Performance-Analysis-of-Kenya%2527s-SACCO-the-Kivuvo-Olweny%2Fc8dff8903a70003f423333db3f3af1681cb19365&usg=AOvVaw0cgcurUSDfIw-O9Fie9gwx

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.03.005

DOI: 10.1111/1468-5957.05525

Wanderi, G. W. (2016). Effect of organizational justice on organizational commitment in public secondary schools and commercial banks in Kenya [PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. Institution repository. http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/2458/KARANJA%20GEORGE%20Wanderi%2C%20PhD%2C%20%28HRM%29%202016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

DOI: 10.1177/0146621615602855

Wanjohi, F. M. (2016). Effect of management efficiency on credit risk in deposit taking SACCO’s in Kenya. Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 3(2), 20. http://strategicjournals.com/index.php/journal/article/view/276

DOI: 10.15208/beh.2018.28

DOI: 10.1111/j.1370-4788.2005.00286.x

Waweru, N. M., & Kalani, V. M. (2009). Commercial banking crises in Kenya?: causes and remedies. Global Journal of Finance and Banking, 3(3), 23–43. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Commercial-Banking-Crises-in-Kenya%3A-Causes-and-Waweru-Kalani/27d34f05febf0d2dbe0dc2b540a47ce7185c10d8

Wayne, V., Dirk, M., Manfred, P. (2010). The A to Z of corporate social responsibility (2nd Revised ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Webster, J., & Watson, R. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: writing a literature review. Management Information System Quarterly, 26(2), 90. 10.2307/4132319.

DOI: 10.61426/sjbcm.v5i4.933

Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years in research. Research in organizational behavior, 20, 77-140. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_OReilly/publication/234022034_Demography_and_Diversity_in_Organizations_A_Review_of_40_Years_of_Research/links/55b0f45d08aec0e5f430e49e/Demography-and-Diversity-in-Organizations-A-Review-of-40-Years-of-Research.pdf

Williamson, O. E. (1964). Corporate control and business behavior: managerial objectives in a theory of the firm. Prentice-Hall.

World Council of Credit Unions. (2008). 2008 statistical report. https://www.woccu.org/documents/2008_Statistical_Report

DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90063-6

Yang, K., & Miller, G. (2008). Handbook of research methods in public administration. Taylor & Francis Group.

DOI: 10.1016/0304-405X(95)00844-5

Zikmund, W., Babin, J., Carr, C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business research methods. (8th ed.). Mason, HO: Cengage Learning. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e4a6/312402a230f5f72904b0ac4c53d89852ad11.pdf