CiteNScope — Scholarly Index & Analytics
Discover / IJBESPUBLICATION RECORD

Bureaucratic and humanistic management styles and organizational citizenship behavior

Damianus Abun · Theogenia Magallanes · Libertine G.R. Macaspac · Artemio P. Seatriz · T. Nicolas Marlene

International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy · 2021 · Vol. 3 / Issue 2 · 73-84

Research reach

Publication metrics

External links open provider records or DOI searches. Provider counts are not combined. Mendeley readership measures saves, not citations.

Dimensions

Live provider badge. If unavailable, use the Dimensions link above.

CROSSREF CITATIONS1

Observed 21 Oct 2026, 00:14 UTC

OpenAlex · Citations5Cached provider observation

Observed 22 Oct 2026 01:58 UTC

Mendeley · Readers6Cached provider observation

Observed 22 Oct 2026 01:58 UTC

OpenAlex and Mendeley observations refresh on article visits, at most once per 24 hours. Unavailable data is not zero. Google Scholar opens a DOI search.

OpenAlex / Citation year

Annual citations to this article

View provider totals ↑

Citations received by this article, grouped by the year of the citing work. Crossref and OpenAlex lifetime totals remain separate in Publication metrics.

2017–2026 Annual history last updated:

Citations received

OpenAlex · year of the citing work

OpenAlex

Hover over a year or focus the chart and use arrow keys to inspect values.

2017–2026 annual-history window. 2026 is year to date. Unknown years have gaps.

View data & coverage

2026 is incomplete. Within a successfully fetched ten-year window, omitted years mean zero. Years beyond a saved observation’s window remain unknown (—). Older citations are excluded, so this chart’s sum may differ from the OpenAlex lifetime total. The date above belongs to this annual history; an unsuccessful refresh keeps the previous observation.

Overview

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of bureaucratic and humanistic management styles of administrators on the organizational citizenship behaviours of employees. To deepen the study, literature was reviewed and theories were established. The study used a descriptive correlational research design and used questionnaires to gather the data. The study found that the bureaucratic management style is higher than the humanistic management style. The higher the bureaucratic management style, the lower the humanistic management style becomes. Based on the correlational analysis, it found that management styles of administrators correlate to the organizational citizenship behaviours of employees. Therefore, the hypothesis of the study is accepted.

Keywords: {'name': 'Bureaucratic, humanistic, organizational citizenship behaviour.'}

Authors & affiliations

Damianus Abun
Affiliation not supplied

Theogenia Magallanes
Affiliation not supplied

Libertine G.R. Macaspac
Affiliation not supplied

Artemio P. Seatriz
Affiliation not supplied

T. Nicolas Marlene
Affiliation not supplied

Deposited references

Supplied references, not a list of publications citing this article.

Abun, D., Magallanes, T., Acidera, E.B., Encarnacion, M.J. & Domingcil, C.U. (2021). Work Environment and work Engagement of Employees of the Catholic Colleges in the Ilocos Region, Philippines. Technium Social Science Journal, 19, 439-464

American Catholic. Org (2013). Still a Bureaucracy: Normal Paper Works Continues its Flow at the Vatican. Retrieved from https://www.americancatholic.org

DOI: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1985.tb02342.x

DOI: 10.1016/j.fbj.2016.05.002

Basit, A., Sebastian, V. & Hassan, Z. (2017). Impact of Leadership Styles on Employees' Performance: A Case Study of a Private Organization in Malaysia. International Journal of Accounting & Business Management, 5 (2).

DOI: 10.5465/255908

BBC (n.d). An End-in-Itself, in Ethics Guide. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk

Bloemen, E. S. A. (1988). Scientific management in Nederland, 1900-1930. Amsterdam: NEHA

Barnard, C. I. (1966). The Functions of Executive. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Bodley, John H. (2002). The Power of Scale: A Global History Approach. M.E. Sharpe

DOI: 10.5539/ibr.v2n1p48

Celeverism (n.d). Understanding Bureaucratic Leadership. Retrieved from https://www.cleverism.com

DOI: 10.1007/s41463-016-0002-6

DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.21650

Duncan, J. (1911). Efficiency -- real, unreal, and brutal. American Federationist, 18(5), 380–384.

Dwyer, D. (2009). Victim of Health Insurance Company “Speak Out”. ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com

DOI: 10.1111/puar.12069

Faps, P.C. (2016). How Poor Workplace Culture can affect Well-Being. Psychlopadeia. Retrieved from https://psychlopaedia.org

DOI: 10.2307/972907

Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (n.d). Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist. Unpublished paper: the Loyola University of Chicago and the University of South Florida. Retrieved from http://shell.cas.usf.edu

Friedrich, C. (1940). Public policy and the nature of administrative responsibility. In C. J. Friedrich (Ed.), Public Policy: 3-24. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

DOI: 10.5465/amle.2005.16132558

Gompers, S. (1911b). The miracles of efficiency. American Federationist, 18(4), 273–279.

DOI: 10.3390/su11226395

DOI: 10.1086/223508

Hamel, G. & Zanini, M. (2018). The End of Bureaucracy. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2018/11/the-end-of-bureaucracy

Harter, J. (2012). Unhealthy, Stressed Employees are Hurting Your Business. Gallup Business Journal. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com

Hornstein, H., & de Guerre, D., (2008). Bureaucratic Organizations are bad for Our Health. Ivey Business Journal. Retrieved from https://iveybusinessjournal.com/ibj_issue/march-april-2006/

Howard, P.K. (2012). To Fix America's Education Bureaucracy, We Need to Destroy It. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com

Hummel R (2007). The bureaucratic experience: the postmodern challenge, 5th edition. New York: Routledge.

ILO (2020). Workplace Well-Being. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org

Ingollan, D.N. & Roussel, J. (2017). Influence of Leadership Styles on Employees’ Performance: A Study of Turkana County, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Science Volume 8(7).

Jahangir, N., Akbar, M.M. & Haq, M. (2004). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature and Antecedents. BRAC University Journal, 1(2), 75-85.

Jamal, S. & Soomro, A. (2011). Management Styles and Employees’ Performance: A Study of Public Sector Company. South Asian Journal of Management Science, 5(2), 65-71.

DOI: 10.1177/073491490502900203

Kerstein, S. (2019). Treating Persons as Means. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu

Kersten, D. (2002). How to Bend the Rules of Corporate Bureaucracy. US TODAY. Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com

DOI: 10.5465/ambpp.1993.10317110

DOI: 10.1080/1478601X.2010.516533

DOI: 10.1177/0734371X17693056

Leedy, P.D. (1974). Practical Research: Planning and Design. New York: Macmillan.

Lian, L.K. & Tui, L.G. (2012). Leadership Styles and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Subordinates’ Competence and Downward Influence Tactics. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 13(2), 59 – 96.

Lucey, P.A. (2017). Leadership Style and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Community-Based Mental Health Facilities. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Wisconsin-Milwaukee: Walden University.

Luenendonk, M. (2020). Bureaucratic Leadership Guide: Definitions, Qualities, Pros & Cons, Examples. Cleverism. Retrieved from https://www.cleverism.com

Lumen Principles of Management (n.d). Humanistic Management. https://courses.lumenlearning.com

DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0169

DOI: 10.1177/0258042X15578023

Management Study HQ (n.d). Bureaucratic Leadership Guide: Definitions, Pros & Cons, Examples. Retrieved from https://www.managementstudyhq.com

Martin, D. (2010). Gates Criticizes Bloated Military Bureaucracy. ABC News. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com

McLeod, S. (2020). Humanistic Approach. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org

Merton, R. (1952). Bureaucratic Structure and Personality in Reader in Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press

DOI: 10.2307/973398

DOI: 10.2307/2094861

DOI: 10.1007/BF01419445

DOI: 10.1037/10855-000

Neal, T. (2015). What is Human Dignity? Retrieved from https://agingwithdignity.org.

Olukorede, W.E. & Olayiwola, J.J. (2008). The Effects of Bureaucracy and Its Implications for Adhocracy in the Workplace: A Study of Lagos State University. International Journal of Development and Management Review, 3(1).

Ordever, R. (2018). Ignoring Staff Well-Being Will Be at Your Peril. Elite business. Retrieved from http://elitebusinessmagazine.co.uk

DOI: 10.1207/s15327043hup1002_5

Okon, F.I. & Isong, E.U. (2016). Management Styles and Employees’ Performance in Small Scale Business Enterprises in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 51-61.

DOI: 10.1207/s15327043hup1002_2

Organ, D.W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behaviour: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington.

DOI: 10.2307/2392471

DOI: 10.1177/019251219301400405

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2916454

Pirson, M. (2017). What is Humanistic Management? International Humanistic Management Association. Retrieved from http://humanisticmanagement.international

DOI: 10.1177/014920630002600307

DOI: 10.2307/2111224

Quaisi, A. (2015). The Impact of Bureaucracy Characteristics on Leadership. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3527.6004. Retrieved from researchgate.net/publication

Quested, E. & Duda, J.L. (2020). Exploring the Social-Environment Determinants of well- and Ill-Being in Dancers: A Test of Basic Need. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(1).

Rachels, J. (1985). The Idea of Human Dignity, in The Elements of Moral Philosophy. New York: Random House, Inc.

Rekha, S.S. & Sasmita, M. (2019). Impact of Employee Engagement on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Overview. Espacios, 40(7), 17.

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1986). Reforming Public Bureaucracy through Economic Incentives? Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 2(1), 131-161.

DOI: 10.2307/2009942

DOI: 10.1023/A:1017584021475

DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

DOI: 10.4135/9781412961288

DOI: 10.2307/1413441

Shamir, B. (1996). Meaning, self, and motivation in organizations. In R. M. Steers, L. W. Porter & G. A. Bigley (Eds.). Motivation and leadership at work: 149–165. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Singer, D. (n.d). 7 Ways to Master the Respect Effect in Employee Engagement. Retrieved from https://www.saba.com

DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653

Simon H. (1946). Administrative Behavior. New York, NY: Free Press.

Stephen, D.L. (2014). Effect of Management Styles on Employees’ Performance: A Case Study of Norwegian People’s Aid YEI Vocational Training Centre. Unpublished Thesis. Uganda: St. Lawrence University.

Thiruvenkadam, T. & Durairaj. I.Y.A (2017). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Definitions and Dimensions. GE-International Journal of Management Research, 5(5).

Towers. P. (2017). How Different Management Styles Affect Employee Motivation and Productivity. Task Pigeon. Retrieved from https://blog.taskpigeon.co

DOI: 10.5465/256600

Von Kimakowitz, E., Pirson, M., Dierksmeier, C., & Spitzeck, H. (2019). Introduction to Humanistic Management in Practice. Working Paper: Fordham University, School of Business.

Wilkinson, D. (2000). The Researcher’s Toolkit. London: Springer

Wright, J. (2018). How Management Styles Affect the Workplace. Eagle’s Flight. Retrieved from https://www.eaglesflight.com

DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.28.12.1421