E-Public Participation in South Africa Metropolitan Integrated Development Planning: Best Practices, Challenges and an Inclusive Implementation Framework
Thandile Ncwana ORCID ↗
International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy · 2026 · Vol. 8 / Issue 5 · 755–768
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Abstract
Electronic public participation (EPP) is becoming more popular to enhance traditional public engagement and promote equitable municipal planning. But the degree to which digital engagement provides significant public impact in South Africa’s Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process is not well recognised. This study looks into EPP practices, application challenges, and potential for improving digital engagement in three metropolitan municipalities: Cape Town, Ekurhuleni, and Nelson Mandela Bay. A mixed-methods, multiple-case research design was used. Data were obtained from 588 participants, who included municipal officials, ward councillors, ward committee members, and residents, with 260 formal and 250 informal settlement populations. Quantitative data from local residents were evaluated using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square tests, whilst interviews and open-ended questions were thematically analysed using Dedoose and combined during interpretation. The findings show that EPP is entrenched unequally across local municipalities and IDP phases. The City of Cape Town and Nelson Mandela Bay made better use of online and blended engagement, whilst Ekurhuleni leaned more mainly on traditional meeting procedures. Across municipalities, digital engagement was focused on information exchange, consultation, analysis, and project-related phases, with less integration into strategic planning, approval, execution, and monitoring. Digital disparity, inadequate institutional capacity, and ineffective feedback systems all hampered meaningful involvement. The evidence, as explained using Arnstein’s Ladder, Smart Governance Theory, and Collaborative Governance Theory, reveals that online access has increased faster than citizen control. As such, this research offers a holistic EPP implementation framework which combines digital and in-person interaction throughout the IDP process, backed up by equitable access, institutional cooperation, feedback, accountability, and joint decision-making avenues. The framework also emphasises the opportunity of EPP to improve stakeholder collaboration and the larger municipal economic landscape.
Keywords: E-public participation; South Africa; Inclusive planning; Smart municipalities; Integrated Development Plan
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Thandile Ncwana
Mangosuthu University of Technology
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