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The sustainable growth rate of a firm's earnings and dividends is a critical component in the majority of prominent equity asset valuation models. The sustainable growth rate serves as an estimated proxy for a firm's long-term growth rate in earnings and dividends. The sustainable growth rate of a firm represents the maximum achievable and maintainable rates of earnings and dividend growth without resorting to external financing, assuming a constant capital structure and no introduction of new equity. The sustainable growth rate of a firm is characterised as the growth rate in dividends and earnings that can be maintained given a specific return on equity (ROE) and retention rate, provided that no new equity is issued and the capital structure remains constant. This paper presents a derived, discussed, and tested model for an alternative sustainable earnings growth rate, utilising the firm's current earnings per share (EPS), long-term book value per share (BVPS), and earnings retention rate. The model indicates that the firm can enhance its long-term growth rate by increasing its earnings per share (EPS) and retention rate, thereby augmenting its internal equity for financing growth opportunities.  

This paper seeks to evaluate proficient perceptions within business assessments in South Africa, where such perceptions play a significant role in the evaluation process, encompassing the selection of standards and the establishment of evaluation frameworks. The evolving economy of South Africa is marked by fluctuating economic circumstances and potential growth, compounded by inadequate benchmarks and a scarcity of relevant market information. Forecasting growth rates are further complicated by macroeconomic uncertainties, leading to a reliance on proficient perceptions when industry-specific guidelines and easily comprehensible alternatives to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are lacking. A mixed-methods strategy is employed in this study, combining quantitative and qualitative data, along with surveys set benchmarks for business assessments. The outcomes reveal that modifications based on judgment are necessary for variables like organizational size due to the absence of CAPM alternatives. This study stresses the importance of translating scholarly discoveries into practical applications, emphasizing the challenges and uncertainties that call for proficient perceptions in business evaluations. It advances the comprehension of these obstacles and proposes that further exploring macroeconomic variables and industry-specific guidelines could offer valuable insights. The study suggests that biases in evaluations, influenced by client interests, present a promising area for future inquiry.

Many industrial sectors were severely affected during the pandemic, which lasted from 2020 to 2021. Such indicators can be observed in various companies implementing efficiency measures ranging from cost reduction unrelated to revenue growth to layoff policies. Despite being under pressure due to the pandemic, many industrial subsectors experienced significant growth in the second quarter of 2021, according to statistics from the Ministry of Industry. This study aims to determine the fair value of shares in Industrial Goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This approach uses a discounted cash flow (DCF) methodology with free cash flow to the company and relative valuation through price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios. From 2017 to 2021, historical financial data was utilized to forecast future income and expenditure behavior in three scenarios: optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic. The results showed that the DCF-FCFF technique underestimated IMPC, ARNA, and UNTR. MARK is overvalued in pessimistic, moderate, and optimistic scenarios, while MARK is undervalued in optimistic scenarios. HEXA is overvalued in the pessimistic scenario but undervalued in the moderate and optimistic scenario. ARNA and UNTR were overvalued in all relative assessment scenarios using the PER approach, but MARK and HEXA were undervalued. IMPC is undervalued in a gloomy scenario and overpriced in a moderate and optimistic scenario. In all cases, the PBV method overestimates IMPC, ARNA, MARK, HEXA, and UNTR. The study implies that investors should conduct thorough due diligence before making investment decisions, considering company-specific factors and broader market conditions. Companies in the Industrial Goods sector must be ready to adapt to changing market dynamics and prioritize long-term value creation to attract and maintain investor confidence.

This paper examines vast literature covering bank valuation practices, frameworks, and various factors that impact bank valuation. Researches on bank valuation covering the last 10 [ten] years were made, and there appear to have a certain level of conservatism on how to measure value of banks. This could be due to the recent global financial crisis, and what is common among the studies was, discourage banks from taking on additional risks. Different factors impact bank valuation and it depends on country and economic circumstances, including banking regulations and internal governance. Various bank valuation frameworks were also added from extensive researches gathered. The literature review also identified nine [9] variables that impact bank valuation, seven [7] of which are bank-specific attributes, one [1] is regulation related, and one [1] is macroeconomic. Future researches may use these variables and validate significance using statistical methods.

<p>In this paper, the author investigated the influence of management decisions like capital structure, dividend policies, remunerations, credit policy decisions and investment decisions on shareholder wealth maximization. The main objective of this paper is to increase awareness and relationship between management and shareholders of the companies. To achieve the objective, portfolio theory, capital asset pricing model and modern financial theory providing evidence on the linkage between management decisions to shareholder’s value. Shareholders are only concerned about the value of shares of the company and the amount of return in the form of dividend paid. Thus in order to meet the demands of the shareholders of the company, managers needs to increase their abilities and skills to overcome the organizational goals. Thus the main goal of this paper is to discuss on the role of management decisions towards increasing shareholder’s wealth and meet organizational goals.</p>