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This study focuses on understanding the concept of congruence of values. Congruence indicates that there is alignment between the values of an employee and those of the organization. It is a condition where an employee embraces, adheres, and develops a deep understanding of the significance of the organizational core values. The focus of this study is the core values of a tertiary higher education institution located in Manila, Philippines. Congruence is key to the success of the institution as it ensures that the behaviors exhibited by employees in the workplace are strategically aligned with the organizational vision, mission, goals, and objectives. Through phenomenographic data analysis, metaphors have been identified to create a more comprehensive view of congruence of values. As a phenomenon, other meanings may be derived in order to establish a clearer conceptualization of congruence of values. A Phenomenographic Outcome Space of Congruence of Values is presented to provide a complete picture of the phenomenon. The Phenomenographic Outcome Space ties together the metaphors associated with congruence of values, namely: timeline, imprint, compass, light, and legacy.

Indonesia's state-owned enterprises are now on the verge of adopting a new management system called values-based management (VBM) or management by values (MBV) initiated by the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (SoE) by introducing a set of core values, namely AKHLAK (abbreviation from Bahasa Indonesia's words: Amanah / Trustworthy, Kompeten / Competent, Harmonis / Harmonious, Loyal, Adaptif / Adaptive, and Kolaboratif / Collaborative). This study uses an inductive/qualitative approach to understand how these core values are measured. The implication of this study will help SoEs to decide whether to use indirect or direct measurement methods in their effort to translate core values into values-based management. The initial finding shows the sample SoEs do not have a solid understanding of the differences between direct and indirect values assessments yet utilize the method of choice quite exclusively and extensively.