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Whether strategic leadership retains real value for firm performance has long been contested, and the debate has often outrun the evidence in sectors far from the manufacturing and service settings where the construct was first tested. This study revisits Upper Echelons Theory and asks whether strategic leadership matters for the performance of poultry firms in an emerging economy. It examined the nineteen registered poultry firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya, a value chain marked by declining output, rising import competition and volatile input costs. Anchored on Upper Echelons Theory, and complemented by Strategic Leadership Theory and the Resource-Based View, the study measured strategic leadership as an integrated four-dimension construct comprising setting strategic direction, building core competencies, building organizational culture and networking, and examined the association between each dimension and firm performance. All nineteen firms were taken as a census, and a proportionate stratified random sample of 209 managers was drawn from their top echelon and business unit ranks; 200 returned usable questionnaires, a response rate of 95.69%, with Cronbach's alpha clearing the 0.7 threshold on every scale (0.761 to 0.902). The firms reported a high level of strategic leadership practice (M=3.99; SD=1.088) and a slightly lower level of performance (M=3.83; SD=0.779). Multiple linear regression showed that the four dimensions jointly explained 72.5% of the variance in managers' reported firm performance (Adjusted R²=.725; F significant at p < .001). Each dimension contributed a positive and significant effect: networking (B=.282), setting strategic direction (B=.246), building core competencies (B=.243) and building organizational culture (B=.204), all at p≤0.05. The results indicate that, far from being overwhelmed by a turbulent agribusiness environment, strategic leadership practices are strongly and consistently associated with performance in it. The study extends an upper-echelons perspective to emerging-economy agribusiness, demonstrates the value of measuring strategic leadership as a consolidated four-dimension whole, and advises boards and managers of poultry firms to treat clear strategic direction, competence renewal, adaptive culture and value chain networks as investments that shape revenue rather than as overhead.

This paper examines the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Theory of Firm Heterogeneity to clarify their theoretical boundaries and enhance their explanatory power. It addresses key limitations of RBV, including endogeneity, tautological reasoning, and limited attention to contextual influences, and examines how digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) reshape strategic resources and firm heterogeneity. The study employs a systematic review of the strategic management literature. It synthesises the core assumptions of RBV with insights from firm heterogeneity, evolutionary theory, and capability-based perspectives to assess how internal resources, contextual factors, and technological capabilities shape competitive advantage. The review indicates that RBV and the Theory of Firm Heterogeneity provide complementary explanations of persistent performance differences among firms. Competitive advantage depends not only on heterogeneous resources but also on firms' ability to adapt, integrate, and deploy these resources in response to changing environmental and institutional conditions. Digital transformation and AI further amplify firm heterogeneity by creating differences in technological capabilities and innovation capacity. The paper advances the strategic management literature by integrating RBV with the Theory of Firm Heterogeneity, offering a more comprehensive explanation of sustained competitive advantage. It demonstrates how digital technologies and AI reshape strategic resources and identifies future research opportunities in contextual influences, capability development, and technology-driven competitive advantage.

Despite the significant economic contribution of the jua kali enterprises, the industry is beset by fundamental financial issues that limit their firm performance. Consequently, many of these enterprises fail soon after they open for operation; 50% to 95% fail during the first five years. The development of seed capital is one of the main issues affecting the firm performance of Jua Kali enterprises. This research assessed the effects of seed capital on firm performance of Jua Kali enterprises in Kamukunji, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to; establish the effect of angel investors, equity financing and crowdfunding on firm performance of Jua Kali enterprises in Kamukunji, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The anchor theory was the Resource-Based View, Pecking Order Theory, and Information Asymmetry Theory. The study used quantitative methods, applying positivism paradigms. Both explanatory and descriptive research designs was used in this study. The target population was the 4763 Jua Kal enterprises in Kamukunji, Nairobi City County, Kenya and unit of enquiry their managers/owners. Using, a formula, the study obtained a sample size of 367 respondents. The study used stratified proportionate sampling and simple random sampling to obtain respondents from the associations. Construct validity was used to examine the questionnaire's validity and Cronbach's alpha at the 0.7 level was used to test its reliability.  Data was analysed to produce descriptive and inferential statistics. The results from the analysis were presented on frequency tables.  The study found that each of angel investors, equity financing and crowdfunding, has significant effect on firm performance of Jua Kali enterprises in Kamukunji, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study recommends for angel investors to be active not only in providing finance but also in strategic mentorship and networking, and advisory services. For entrepreneurs, internal equity financing should come first while the potential of crowdfunding can be harnessed by training business owners. More so, entrepreneurs should build management skills, financial literacy, and strategic abilities while the government and regulatory bodies should streamline policies and clarify compliance requirements with supportive tax incentives.

The study focused on assessing how the level of adoption of four Absorptive Capacity(AC)  dimensions as a driver of strategic technological change has contributed to sustainable performance of firms operating in the insurance sector  in Kenya. The conceptualization of the study was informed by the postulates of three theoretical frameworks; the Model of Absorptive capacity, Resource Based View( RBV) and Knowledge Based view (KBV)  with four hypotheses testing the effect of each of the four dimensions of AC on sustainable performance of the insurance firms. A descriptive survey design was adopted to obtain data from a target sample of 224 respondents representing heads of units actively involved in roles associated with AC in  56 Insurance firms. The study registered a response rate of 83% with the respondents demonstrating demographic characteristics indicating adequate industry work experience and education levels. The dimensions of Absorptive Capacity aligning to strategy implementation and strategic choice were adopted to a higher extent compared to those aligning to strategic thinking aspects touching on strategy formulation. Though all the four dimensions had a significant positive effect on sustainable performance, those aligning towards strategic choice and implementation had a higher effect on sustainable performance than those aligning towards strategic thinking. The study concluded that the four dimensions of AC are suitable drivers of strategic technological change in the manner in which their attributes  speak to the three strategic management processes of strategic planning(formulation), choice and implementation. The study calls on future research to extend the implications of the findings reported by providing more plausible explanations to the dilemmas revolving around the low adoption of the AC dimensions aligning towards strategic thinking and its subsequent effect on sustainable performance using objective data on the dimensions of AC.

This study investigates the influence of strategic leadership components on the performance of financial multinational companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) in Kenya. Specifically, it examines the effects of strategic controls, organizational capabilities, visionary leadership, and organizational change management on performance outcomes, measured through profitability and branch expansion. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 14 listed commercial banks and 250 middle-level managers across marketing, relationship, and finance departments. A sample of 154 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling and the Taro Yamane formula. Data were collected via structured questionnaires incorporating five-point Likert scales and administered both electronically and through the drop-and-pick method. Analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings reveal that all four strategic leadership components significantly impact organizational performance, with organizational change management exerting the strongest influence. The study concludes that strategic leadership is pivotal for sustaining competitiveness and growth in Kenya’s financial sector. It recommends enhancing strategic reviews, fostering innovation and business intelligence, articulating clear organizational visions, and promoting adaptability, effective communication, and employee engagement to drive performance improvements.

The banking industry in Kenya must adopt digital transformation to sustain competitiveness and improve customer experience in the context of rapidly evolving digital technologies. Despite the increasing focus on digitisation in the sector, the particular initiatives undertaken by commercial banks and their resulting impact on competitive advantage are not sufficiently comprehended. This study analysed the impact of digital transformation strategies on competitive advantage within commercial banks in Kenya. The primary aim was to evaluate the impact of service automation, data analytics, mobile banking applications, employee upskilling, and digital payment solutions on the competitiveness of banks. The study employed a descriptive design, focussing on 39 commercial banks categorised by tiers, which included 412 functional heads. A multi-stage sampling method integrating proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques was utilised to guarantee equitable representation. Employing Yamane’s formula, a sample of 203 respondents was determined. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires that were pretested with 15 participants and validated by subject experts to ensure content relevance and clarity. Reliability testing employing Cronbach’s Alpha produced satisfactory results (? ? 0.7), signifying robust internal consistency. The analysis of data encompassed both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results were presented visually through charts, graphs, and tables to facilitate interpretation. The findings indicated that all five digital transformation strategies impacted competitive advantage, although their contributions differed in magnitude. The findings indicate that commercial banks must move beyond the simple implementation of digital technologies and prioritise strategic integration to improve customer experience and value creation. Banks ought to implement targeted automation that preserves human engagement for intricate services while improving feedback systems. Banks must enhance data governance and invest in sophisticated, customer-centric analytical tools. Ongoing innovation in mobile banking is advisable, encompassing feature enhancements and improved interoperability, underpinned by robust cybersecurity standards. Prioritising employee upskilling is essential through structured training, digital leadership development, and industry-wide certification. Finally, banks must reassess their digital payment strategies to prioritise user experience, fraud prevention, and differentiated services, while regulators encourage secure and innovation-friendly environments.

Private health insurance is crucial for healthcare financing, but its uptake remains suboptimal, with many still relying on out-of-pocket expenses. Statistics indicate Kenya's informal sector comprises 83.3% of the population, with only 2% of employees having national hospital insurance and 20% having public health insurance. Therefore, this study investigated effect of strategic decision on uptake of private health insurance services, specifically, the study examined the effect of level of coverage, cost and affordability, network of health providers and quality of services on uptake of private health insurance services in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was anchored using the agency theory, dynamic capability theory and expected utility theory. The study embraced descriptive research design. The target population was sixteen private health insurance in Nairobi city county, Kenya. A sample size of eighty was utilized, employing census. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The response rate was sixty eight percent. Level of coverage, cost and affordability, network of health providers and quality of services had a significant effect on uptake of private health insurance services. The study recommend, insurance providers should continue to offer diverse plans that cater to different needs and income brackets, ensuring that comprehensive coverage options remain accessible to a broad audience. Additionally, insurers should continue to develop and offer flexible payment plans that cater to different income levels. Introducing tiered pricing models, where customers can choose from a range of premium options based on their financial capacity, can make insurance more accessible. Moreover, the insurer should focus on maintaining a strong commitment to service quality and continually refining their offerings, which can build greater trust and satisfaction among customers, leading to increased adoption of private health insurance services.

Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies are important economic institutions that offer credit and other financial services in many developing countries, including Kenya. However, their performance is impacted by several factors, including high competition. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) serves as a tool of strategic value, enabling organizations harmonize their activities with their strategic goals. In Kenya, despite the significant contributions Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies deliver to economic growth, few studies have examined factors that affect their performance. The goal of this study was to examine the correlation between the perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard and the competitiveness of Savings and Credit Cooperatives located in Kajiado County, Kenya. The specific aims of the study included assessing how the perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard, namely, financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business processes, and learning and growth perspective, affect the competitiveness. of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies within Kajiado County. This study was anchored on the theoretical frameworks of Balanced Score Card, Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities theory. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey research design, guided by objectivism as an ontological approach, a positivist epistemology, and a deductive approach for data collection and analysis. The study’s target population included the deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kajiado County (N= 22). Purposive sampling was employed to identify 22 Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies and 32 personnel members from the 5 main sub counties. Data collection involved the utilization of a structured questionnaire self-administered by the respondents themselves. The data collected was analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, encompassing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The relationship between distinct independent variables and company competitiveness was analyzed using multiple regression. The critical value for regression was 0.05, and the 95% confidence interval was used. The study found a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between SACCO competitiveness and customer perspective (r = .899, p = .000). Also, a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation was found to exist between financial perspective and SACCO competitiveness (r = .841, p = .000). A similar strong positive correlation was observed between internal business processes and SACCO competitiveness (r = .805, p = .001). Similarly, learning and growth exhibited a strong, positive correlation with SACCO competitiveness (r = .817, p = .001). Some of the balanced score card perspectives, such as financial and customer perspectives, positively predict SACCO competitiveness. The relationships are also statistically significant. However, internal business process and learning and growth, negatively predict SACCO competitiveness. The relationships are not statistically significant. It was recommended that the management of SACCOs should enhance the customer perspective and the financial perspective to boost competitiveness, while strengthening the other perspectives.

The Kenyan government has implemented numerous reforms, including the inclusion of the manufacturing sector as one of the government's four major agendas for revitalizing the sector. Despite these reforms, statistics show that over the last ten years, manufacturing industries in Kenya listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange have experienced stagnation and declining profits, slowing growth, and declining market share, necessitating the establishment and execution of effective corporate governance. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of corporate governance on performance of manufacturing and allied firms listed at Nairobi Security Exchange, Kenya. The study specifically investigated the effects of board composition, board size, board independence and board diversity on performance of manufacturing and allied firms. Agency theory, RBV and stakeholder’s theory anchor the study. Descriptive research design was used. Stratified random sampling technique was used as a sampling technique. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from a population of four hundred and thirty-nine manufacturing and allied firms. Two hundred and nine corporate managers from these manufacturing companies were sampled. A pilot test of twenty-nine respondents was conducted. Collected data was coded, cleaned, and analyzed. Data analysis included the creation and interpretation of descriptive means, percentages, and standard deviations, which was presented in the form of tables, charts, and graphs. The results of regression analysis established that board composition, board size, board independence and board diversity significant influenced firm performance of manufacturing and Allied Firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya.

This study reports empirical findings of a survey conducted among pharmaceutical distributors serving informal settlement areas in Nairobi city county. The pharmaceutical distributors face several challenges when serving these areas calling the management of the distributors to resort to social innovation as a viable strategy for business survival. The concern however is how sustainable such a strategy is to the survival of the business undertaken by the pharmaceutical distributors. The study was guided by the postulates of the Three Cycle and Tripple Bottom Line models to answer three objectives that sought to address how social innovation has been adopted, the level of sustainability attained as well as the effect of the level of social innovation on the level of sustainability attained. The study drew its population from 30 pharmaceutical distributors targeting informal settlement areas in Nairobi and obtained primary data from managers heading 7 key departments in each distributor. The study was responded to by 168 managers from 30 pharmaceuticals representing 80.4% response rate. Two components of social innovation, namely promoting social values and community empowerment were extracted through Exploratory Factor Analysis and were found to be practiced to a moderate extent (M=3.6; SD=1.36) and contributed to high level of sustainability (M=3.808; SD=1.025). A path analysis constructed using structural equation modelling indicated that the two components of social innovation have varying degrees of contribution to the three pillars of sustainability (planet, people & profit) with the highest being that on people (R2=4.03) and the least on profit(R2=3.46). Overall social innovation has a negative effect on sustainability (?=-0.13; p<0.05). The findings provide useful insights on the role of social innovation as a viable strategy for the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry and makes suggestions on how it can be deployed to enhance sustainability in the pharmaceutical industry. The findings raise important implications on the relevance of the Three Cycle and Triple Bottom Line Models in explaining the role of social innovation in attaining the goal of sustainability in organizations.

Commercial banks in Kenya operate in quite dynamic financial market environment and continue to experience stiff competition in the provision of financial services. The liberation of the financial markets has resulted into an upsurge in the number of institutions providing financial products and services, threatening the future of Kenyan commercial banks. This study aimed at determining the effect of strategic alliances on competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. The objectives were to determine effect of joint ventures, equity alliances, and joint research and development on the competitiveness of Kenyan banks. The following theories informed this research; Resource Based View theory, competitive theory, and resource dependence theory. Causal research design was adopted where all the 42 Kenyan commercial banks formed the target population. Census survey sampling design was applied and semi-structured questionnaire used. Reliability and validity results were used to improve the research instrument prior to the actual data collection. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Study found that joint venture (?=0.435, p=0.000) equity alliances (?=0.227, p=0.018), and joint research and development (?=0.0.612, p=0.000) had positive significant effects on competitive advantage. With a coefficient of determination (R-square) of 68.9% and overall p-value of 0.000, the study concluded strategic alliances have a statistical significant effect on competitive advantage. The study recommends that managements of commercial banks should fast-truck implementation of such alliances to for improved competitiveness.

Kenya has seen a boom in road building during the last couple of years as a result of the government's significant investments in the construction industry to upgrade infrastructure, such as road networks. Road network construction is one of the key pillar of the country long term vision 2030. However, the performance of the road projects has experienced various challenges leaving some roads uncompleted, others poorly done after huge investment of public resources. This study sought to evaluate the influence of financial resources scheduling on the performance of road construction projects in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The research was based on resource dependence theory. A descriptive design as well as the cross-sectional survey was used. The population of interest for this study consisted of 39 road construction projects being implemented by Kenya Urban Roads Authority and Kenya National Highway Authority within the Nairobi metropolitan area. A semi structured questionnaire was utilized to collect primary data. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study results revealed projects resource scheduling had a positive and significant effect on project performance of road construction projects in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The study concludes that effective financial resource scheduling enables that organization to manage risk that may occur from changes in the project’s outcome. Financial resource scheduling starts from developing the project budget which is a process for allocating administered and departmental funds necessary to build a financial foundation for producing stated project deliverables.

The performance of the healthcare sector is crucial for delivering optimal patients care and creating efficient healthcare systems. However, Kajiado County in Kenya faces various challenges that obstruct effective performance. This paper aims to assess the impact of operational strategies on performances of public hospitals in Kajiado County, Kenya. Specifically, it aimed to investigate the effect of information management strategy, continuous quality improvement strategy, innovation strategy, and resources management strategy on hospital performance. This study was anchored on balanced scorecard model, resource-based theory, quality improvement theory, and technology acceptance model, and employed a descriptive research design. Primary data was gathered through questionnaires distributed to full-time healthcare workers, following a successful pilot study in Narok County. Data collection utilized the drop-and-pick later method. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used to analyze the data, involving descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations while multiple regression model was used to test the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. Main findings of the study revealed that there exists a statistically significant relation between information management strategy and hospital performance, as well as continuous quality improvement strategy, innovation strategy, and resource management strategy, respectively. Consequently, the study recommended that the County Health Department should initiate a comprehensive training program for healthcare professionals, collaborate with hospital management to adopt innovative technologies, and identify and address skill gaps while promoting a positive work environment within public hospitals in Kajiado County. These actions aim to enhance hospital performance and ultimately improve patient care in the region.

The study investigated the role played by the dimensions of organizational culture in a strategic management process to help organizations in the hotel industry realize business recovery in a post-COVID-19 period. The conceptualization of the study relied on the strategic thinking lens preceding strategic management processes to situate the role of organizational culture in the strategic management processes undertaken at the strategy formulation phase. The element of organization's mission was argued to be the relevant practice for anchoring culture into the strategy formulation process. Four types of organizational culture were studied in business recovery. Three objectives guided the study focusing on the extent of the adoption of culture types, levels of business recovery attained and the effect of the level of adoption on the level of business recovery attained. A sample of 57 hotels was selected and 189 respondents were drawn from functional units in each of the hotels. The study reports that the level of adoption of the culture is at a high level while the extent of business recovery is at a moderate level of between 20-40% growth. Innovation culture does not have a significant statistical effect while market, customer orientation and adhocracy cultures have a significant statistical effect on the level of business recovery. The study concludes that the relevant cultures were responsible for aligning culture with the strategy formulation phase through the component of the mission of an organization and that the process needs to embrace combined attributes of the underpinning theories of RBV and the organizational culture theory. The study calls on future research to integrate more aspects of strategic thinking and consider using more objective sources of research data.

Despite the effort to increase financial inclusion, women-owned Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) continue to face challenges in the uptake of financial services. Low financial uptake is strongly associated with business failure leading to low income and living standards among women entrepreneurs in marginalized areas. Market system strategies are crucial in determining businesses' level of financial uptake. The study investigated the effect of market system strategies on the financial uptake of women-owned MSMEs in the informal settlement of Nyeri County. Specifically, it investigated the effect of business readiness, financial literacy, investor relationships, and investment impact on financial uptake among women-owned MSMEs. The study variables were anchored on Ricky Griffin's model, Theory of Change, and Refinancing theory. The study used a descriptive research design, specifically a cross-sectional design. The target population was 890 women-owned MSMEs in the informal settlements of Nyeri county. Proportionate stratified and random sampling were used to obtain a sample of 275 businesses representing approximately 30% of the study population. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot test was conducted using ten individuals to test and improve the study questionnaire Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, where an alpha of 0.7 was the acceptable threshold. Regression analyses indicated that the market system strategies, business readiness, financial literacy, impact investment, and investor relationship positively and significantly affected financial uptake, with p-values lower than 0.05 alpha. The study found that businesses with better market system strategies have a higher financial uptake. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that policies and interventions aimed at improving financial uptake among women-owned MSMEs should focus on enhancing business readiness and financial literacy and building strong impact investment and investor relationships. The county government, NGOs, and others interested stakeholders should encourage women entrepreneurs in informal settlements of Nyeri county to seek training and support to develop their business skills and increase their understanding of financial uptake. Furthermore, the county and national governments should connect women-owned MSMEs with impact investors and establish relationships to provide funding, support, and mentorship. Finally, policymakers and stakeholders in the financial sector should consider creating an enabling environment that supports and incentivizes impact investment in MSMEs, especially those owned by women, to increase their financial uptake.

This paper aims to examine the effect of strategic leadership, resource allocation, information technology, customer focus, and differentiation on the performance of microfinance institutions in Nairobi City County. The study was founded on a resource-based view, dynamic capability and life-cycle theories. A target of 300 employees was targeted from which a sample of 172 research participants was recruited. The sample was selected through a combination of both stratified and sampling techniques. Questionnaires were used for primary data collection. Analysis used both descriptive and multiple regression analyses. The findings of the study indicated the urgency for microfinance organizations to adopt growth strategies that encompass innovative digital advancements, the introduction of novel products, innovation-focused strategies, and the digitization of services. The findings further highlighted the pivotal roles played by strategic positioning, strategic leadership, information technology integration, and differentiation in significantly shaping microfinance institutions’ performance. The findings also indicated that a unit enhancement of strategic positioning indicator had a significant enhancement on their individual performance. However, the effect of customer focus and resource allocation did not exhibit the same level of significance. The study recommended the reinforcement of strategic positioning, optimized resource allocation, embracing technological integration, and an unwavering focus on customer needs. The study recommended the exploration of diverse leadership styles, resource allocation strategies, and the undertaking of comparative analyses to draw insights into the effects of these factors on microfinance institutions.

Worldwide, startup businesses are essential for any country's economic development. Despite the rapid growth of start-ups, their likelihood of success and viability remain low. This trend is more observed in developing countries due to the low uptake of business incubation services such as Kenya. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of networking services, physical incubation, and management mentoring on the growth of start-ups in Kenya. The study was based on the social network theory, the theory of the firm, the stochastic theory and the trait theory of entrepreneurship. A cross-sectional research design was used. A sample size of 227 respondents was selected from a total population of 567 respondents using proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed with multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS. The finding of the study indicated that there was a positive and significant effect between networking services, physical incubation infrastructure and management mentoring and growth of startups. The study suggests that startups should join associations like the Associations of Startups and SME Enablers of Kenya and the Association of Countrywide Innovation Hubs to access incubation infrastructure. This will allow access to investor networks, civil society programs, and government agencies, accelerating business growth. Additionally, business incubators can partner with universities for specialized research in areas like health, agriculture, and climate change through the triple helix model.

This paper aims to examine the effect of selected factors that link to completion of NSSF construction projects and how they are influenced by the various critical factors. The main objective was to establish the critical success factors and their effects on performance of construction projects. Four theories namely Game theory, Principal-Agent theory, Construction Management, and Soft Value Management (SVM) theory served as the foundation for this research.  Descriptive research design was employed for data collection, analysis, presentation and interpretation.The target population was 512 stakeholders from six complete commercial and residential projects. Purposive sampling was used to select 84 participants for the study. Semi-structured questionnaires were used in the study to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS whereby descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results show that the R-square value was 0.282 and R was 0.531. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was significant at p=0.001 with an F statistic of 9.961 indicating that the model used was fit for the data. The data also revealed that client variations (p= 0.05), financial availability (p = 0.047), and construction disputes (p = 0.001) are statistically significant determinants affecting the performance of NSSF construction projects. The main findings of the study demonstrate that the key critical success factors used in this study affected the performance of NSSF-completed construction projects either positively or negatively. The study recommends that companies should adhere to the principles that safeguard project management to adequately manage the critical factors and ultimately minimize project delays.

The Kenya Airport Police Unit has started using smartphones to deter crime, but there are still reservations about their potential impact on policing. The study sought to identify the factors that influence police officers' adoption and use of smart phone applications for crime prevention. The police officers assigned to the Kenya Airport Police Unit (1382) were the study's target group. For this study, a sample of 274 police officers was selected using a simple random sampling approach. The study was guided by the Mobile Technology Acceptance Model (M-TAM), which discovered that smartphones were useful instruments for crime prevention. Police officers discovered that programs such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, emails, and short text messages helped to prevent crime. The study suggests that tailored police smart phone applications be developed, as well as officer capacity training, to improve their utilization and help to crime prevention efforts.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between portfolio diversification, government regulations, and the financial performance of DT SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. It aims to determine the impact of financial asset investment on the financial performance of deposit-taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya; the impact of loan portfolios on the financial performance of deposit-taking SACCOs in Nairobi County; and the moderating effect of government regulations on the relationship between portfolio diversification and the financial performance of deposit-taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. Capital market theory, modern portfolio theory, risk aversion theory, arbitrage portfolio theory, and decision-making theory will serve as the study's foundation. For the period under review, secondary data will be collected from audited annual financial statements included in SASRA reports.