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The study examined the dynamic responses of profitability indexes to capital adequacy ratios of authorized internationalized deposit money banks in Nigeria. The data were sourced from the financial year books of the deposit money banks and analyzed with static and dynamic panel estimators. The static estimator shows that the banks have differences in managerial style, size and profitability. Also, it was revealed that return on asset and return on equity responded positively to asset size, efficiency of the use of asset and current ratio in the static models and they were highly significant. However, they were insignificant in the dynamic specifications except asset size that was significant in the return on asset model showing a weak dynamic response of profitability to capital adequacy ratios. Hence the study recommended that Banks should improve their share based as to increase the asset as this will improve profitability.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of indirect investment on the performance of real estate in Nairobi County Kenya. The independent variables for indirect investment were: investment trusts, exchange-traded funds, commingled funds, and infrastructure funds. The dependent variable was the performance of real estate in Nairobi County Kenya. Secondary data was collected from the real estate’s online sources and some from the company offices and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were determined. The study was only able to collect secondary data from 45 real estate companies out of the target population of 69 registered by KPDA in 2015 as it was hard to get data of the rest either from online sources or from the company offices. With the aid of STATA 12.0 software and Excel software, quantitative results were tabulated and presented in the form of charts, bar graphs, and narratives. The study found an existing relationship between the performance of the real estate sector and the Investment Trust Fund, the Exchange Trust Fund, the Commingled Fund, Infrastructure Fund. The study concludes that most of the coefficients were significant. The study also concludes that there is a relationship between the performance of the real estate sector and the Investment Trust Fund, Exchange Trust Fund, Commingled Fund, Infrastructure Fund when these components are considered together, they affect Performance.

This paper investigated the impact of tax revenue on private domestic investment in Nigeria from 1980 to 2018 using the modified ordinary least squares- Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). The paper used oil revenue, non-oil revenue, and Corporate Income Tax (CIT) as the independent variables while Private Domestic Investment (PDI) is the dependent variable. Oil revenue and non-oil revenue were used as a proxy for oil and non-oil tax. These data were obtained from secondary sources- central Bank of Nigeria, World Bank database and Federal Inland Revenue service statistical bulletin. The result showed that a long-run relationship exists between the aforementioned variables. Also, the paper revealed that oil and non-oil do not have a significant impact on PDI but CIT has a positive and significant impact on PDI. The paper recommends that proper measures/reforms should be put in place in order to reduce the impact of tax on private domestic investment in Nigeria.

MSMEs contribute more than 60% of economic growth. 99% of business operators in Indonesia are MSMEs. However, the contribution of MSMEs in tax revenue is still low. The government has sought to improve tax compliance for the MSME sector by the existence of an Account Representative position (AR) and an online reporting system, namely E Filling. This study aims to determine whether the role of Account representative (AR) and the use of E Filling can affect the compliance of MSMEs in reporting tax. The data used are MSMEs in the area of the Primary Tax Office in Duren Sawit. The number of questionnaires distributed was 120 and could be processed was 95 questionnaires. The analytical tool used is the Structure Equation Model (SEM). The results conclude that the value of the role of AR and the use of E-Filling affect the compliance of MSMEs in reporting taxes partially and simultaneously.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas non-renewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

The issue of leadership influences the performance in many areas and although the area has been researched the relationship between the style that leaders adopt and its impact on performance is not well known. This is because employees respond differently to every style and if you combine whole style it emerges that some styles yield better in certain sectors and poorly in certain areas. This is why this study sought to examine how leaders who adopt passive styles influence performance in the county government.

This study aimed at exploring the impact of procedural justice on work engagement, trust in leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Data were collected from 100  employees working in manufacturing and analyzed by using Partial Least Square. The results of this study suggested that procedural justice is positively related to work engagement,  trust in leader and work engagement is positively related to OCB. Trust on leadership doesn’t mediating the relationship procedural justice to  OCB,  but work engagement is partially mediating the relationship procedural justice to OCB. This study resulted that work engagement has a contribution to building OCB.

The primary objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that the population age structure could contribute to carbon dioxide emission levels (environmental degradation) in Nigeria. Real income (Gross Domestic Product) was used as another determinant of CO2 emissions to test the EKC hypothesis in this study. Also, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric technique was applied in this paper to annual time series data from 1970 to 2018. The results show that age structure’s influence on the environment is significant. As expected, young adults (LOGYONG, i.e., ages 15-64) and children (LOGCHIL, i.e., ages 0-14) are environmentally intensive (due to energy-intensive goods consumed). But the older age group (LOGOLD i.e., ages 65 and above) exert a negative effect. The results of long-term estimation for the population structure-induced EKC hypothesis show that none of the coefficients of economic growth were statistically significant at any of the conventional levels. In other words, this finding did not prove the existence of EKC hypothesis. However, appropriate macroeconomic policies, technological innovations, and institutional developments are very important in maintaining a sound environment in Nigeria. 

Market analysis is a diagnostic process to uncover the root causes of how markets perform from an economic perspective. This market analysis will help us understand how the market supply and demand work and what elements affect this performance during 2015-2017. Market analysis provides the initial foundation for the market intervention; this foundation is not constant as markets that are constantly evolving and dynamic. This paper will analyze the factors that affect the supply and demand in the same period in addition to the price elasticity for the Tesla Model - S.  Finally, this paper develops an insight into the future of the industry.

Despite the theoretical foundation that links Transformational leadership (TFL) with innovation behavior, previous studies have overlooked on Transformational leadership and innovation behavior at the individual level relationship but paid less attention to how transformational leadership qualities of top leaders would advance innovative work behavior within the organizational setting. To date, the impact of Transformational leadership at a top executive level on employee’s innovative work behavior (IWB) within an organizational setting has not been dealt with in-depth. However, using transformational leadership theory, this study uncovers the pivotal role of innovation culture (IC) and managerial innovation (MI) in the relationship between CEO transformational leadership and employee’s innovation behavior in SMEs. A cross-sectional design with a total of 434 employees from 24 SMEs operating from Rwanda was analyzed using structural equation modeling to evaluate the relationship between the variables developed in the study. The findings of this study support our hypothesized model.

The concept of big data is one of the important issues in business decision making in recent years. The expansion of social media platforms, the increase in data production devices and the evaluation and interpretation of the data produced by developing technology become crucial. Previous studies in the big data area have addressed the issue in limited contexts, and there are few studies in the field of marketing with a bibliometric approach. This study, which aims to examine how big data concept is evaluated in marketing literature, examines the publications on big data in indexed marketing journals using bibliometric methodology. This study starts with descriptive statistical information and then includes the top published journals, authors and corresponding author’s countries statistics. This study also includes most influential studies for big data concept in marketing literature, employs spectroscopy for detecting historical roots of studies and finally plots growth progress of keywords for predicting, future themes. This study contributes to current literature by providing a summarizing and instructive content for researchers interested in big data in marketing.
  

Expressing the digitalization of industry in today's world which is rapidly developing day by day, Industry 4.0 is accepted as the most important technology revolution of our time. This shows that a new era in production has started and the industry has been digitized. In order to adapt to this change, companies should actively follow the innovations and shape the organizational structure accordingly. However, if this is the case, we can respond to the expectations of the current period. That is why it is necessary to activate Industry 4.0 after learning all aspects of it and to develop marketing strategies that can adapt to this digital age. In today's competitive environment, it is inevitable to act integrated into this new situation. This study is designed to emphasize how important it is to identify Industry 4.0 and the most heavily affected marketing strategies from it. It is also a review of the conceptual explanation of Industry 4.0 and the importance of advances in new technologies.

“Prevention is better than cure” is a proverb commonly used to highlight how it is better to avoid a problem from the start rather than fixing the damage afterwards. When considering this concept to our approach to the environment, we encounter two schools of thought; Ecocentrism and Technocentrism. Ecocentrism places the ecosystem at the center and stress that we need to limit our natural resource exploitation, so that we can conserve the environment and prevent its destruction. Technocentrism, on the other hand, focuses on technology and science as a way to repair any damage done to the environment rather than changing ethical perspectives on environmental issues. This paper seeks to explore the two ideologies by comparing between Finland and Bhutan; two countries that seem to resemble the two approaches. Finland is considered one of the highly technologically advanced countries, in addition to its reputation for environmental protection. Bhutan is a Himalayan Kingdom that is known for its strong environment conservation and their intriguing approach to sustainable development. The paper compares between the two countries sustainable development approach, environment, and health. It was concluded that, in terms of the environment; Bhutan is doing much better than Finland. Finland’s carbon emissions reduction was mainly because they produce goods in other countries which increase the other countries emissions not Finland. Additionally, high consumption levels in Finland are a major threat to the environment. As for health, there is no extreme difference; however, Bhutan’s health care system is still improving. Yet, the two countries are facing serious issues regarding mental health. Ultimately, the ecocentric approach appears to be much better; especially, in this day and age as many downsides of technology keep unfolding.  

Agriculture is the bedrock for combating poverty and developing rural areas. This motivated government policies on agriculture. This paper evaluated the performance of Fadama III in addressing food productivity and rural development in Rivers State. A critical review of secondary materials from Rivers State National Fadama III Development Programme Coordinating Office Report on implementation of National Fadama III projects in Rivers State formed the methodology for the study. It revealed the concept, approaches and implementation process of economic interest groups and government financial commitments to various farming activities in the local government areas. There were remarkable improvements in rural development in the participated local government areas. The assessment further revealed committed efforts by officers and management of the program which ensured effective implementation of rural infrastructure in participated communities. It is recommended that expenditure control measures adopted by the management of fadama program in Rivers State should be applied in future agricultural projects to ensure quality deliverables. The government should pursue only rural development-oriented agricultural policies, and finance projects that have certified Local Development Plans. Seemingly bottleneck criterion that would delay the release of funds should be relaxed for agricultural program managers to be proactive to beneficiaries’ requests and function effectively. Finally, the fadama program should be extended to increase communities’ dual opportunities of experiencing both agricultural and rural development.

There have been significant changes in the GATT / WTO system, one of them is its expansion in membership. The regime has up grown from its original 22 founding members to over 140 at the turn of the 20th century. The enlargement has led to the fundamental change in the character of the regime. In the early years the GATT / WTO was perceived of by China as a “Rich Nations’ Club” or “the Club of the Rich,” in which wealthy countries imposed rules on poor and weak developing countries. By the year 2000, the WTO included a majority of developing countries, many of which are among the poorest countries of the world. Furthermore, with the inclusion of China and Russia, the WTO community included all the major nations of the world, even those that were previously uninterested in open trade and thus stayed outside the trade regime. The paper in the above context begins with a brief history of China’s accession to the WTO, including a review of China’s objectives and motivations in joining. It reviews how its entry has supported its substantial growth and further integration into the global economy in terms of trade patterns and other economic indicators such as FDI along with regulations governing IPRs in tune with the WTO obligations. A brief portrait of comparison of Chinese economy with Indian economy is also laid down because both are leading emerging market developing economies — one is the Dragon and the other the Elephant.
  

This research analyzed the insurance industry and economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 and 2015. Secondary data ranging from real gross domestic product, the premium of the insurance business, claim expenditure of insurance industry and inflation rate were utilized and sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) multiple regression techniques, Descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test of stationarity and ARDL Bound Test Co-Integration were adopted for the model in the Study. The findings revealed that the premium of the insurance industry (PMI) impacts negatively on economic growth both in the extended and short run period. The claim expenditure of the insurance industry (CEX) revealed a progressive relationship with economic growth in the long run and a negative relation with growth in the short run. We therefore conclude following the Keynesian theory of aggregate demand which states that, ‘’if we will have to wait till the long run, we will all be dead’’, that insurance industry in Nigeria has not impacted positively on economic growth of Nigeria within the period under review and its operations and investment have not been prominent and contributory to the growth and development of Nigeria. Based on these outcomes, we recommend amongst others, that more investment ought to be made towards the insurance industry in Nigeria especially in terms of proper policy formulation by the government that would channel funds and encourage competition among the players in the industry and invariably contribute to the growth of the economy.

This paper defines and examines the Garett Hardin’s concept of the Tragedy of the Commons. First, an introductory to the concept is presented along with an extensive critique on Hardin’s 1968 impactful publication. Second, although the tragedy of the commons belies in the field of environmental economics, an extensive research is conducted on how the concept has naturally extended to other cornerstones such as Philosophy, Ethics & Morality, and human behavior. The objective of this paper is to not see whether the concept is dubbed correct or erroneous, but rather urge readers to take a collective stand regardless of the universal validity of the concept and shed some serious insight on the hazards of climate change and pursuit of self-interest.

This paper examined the effect of power supply and the performances of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs). In doing this, the paper used durations of public power supply, bills paid for public power and cost paid for private power supply as measures of power supply on the performances index of the SMEs in Port Harcourt. The performance indexes are employed in the models as the dependent variables while the power supply indexes are the explanatory variables. The data were sourced primarily through a well-structured questionnaire and the samples determined by the Cochran sampling techniques. The data were analyzed with the Qualitative Respond Model. It was revealed that a lower duration of public power supply significantly reduces the profitability, productivity and revenue, as well as the storage of products of the SMSEs, examined. Hence, the study recommended among others that there is a need to allocate more electric power to the industrial area of Rivers state- Port Harcourt, especially in the day light to encourage productivity, profitability and employment generation in the state.


 
 
 
 The crucial role of delivering health care services belongs to the health care providers. Among them, nurses have an important place both in regards to their numbers and the burden they take on. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to understand the relations between their work performances and their burnout level in conjunction with their internal& external motivation. The research is a cross-sectional observational study. Surveys were distributed to 600 nurses across the Asian part of ?stanbul among 4 hospitals. The study included the volunteer nurses who were actively working in the institutions, who were given permission to participate in the study, except for the nurses who were on leave/had a report during the data collection period. While collecting data, burnout, motivation and workers’ perceived performance scales were used. 458 nurses completed the surveys out of 600 distributed, of which 439 were deemed to be appropriate to be included in the analysis. All the data were analyzed at SPSS 22.0 version, with the mean, standard deviation, range and such descriptive statistics being used with p<0.05 significance level. Analyzes demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation between burnout and perceived performance (p<0.01, r=-,422). On the other hand, the analyzes also demonstrated a positive but statistically significant and low-level correlation between motivation (internal and external) and perceived performance (p<0.01, r=,173; 226). Burnout caused by independent variables has a statistically significant and negative correlation between both internal and external motivation (p<0.01). Perceived work performance of nurses, one of the most important factors in delivering health care services, can be elevated by decreasing burnout level and by increasing their internal/external motivation. So, it is important for administrations to take appropriate measures to lower the burnout level and increase the motivation of nurses.
 
 
 

Multi-game simulations are the most widely used tools in international business and strategic management education. In Business Schools, all courses from Strategy to Finance are taught from case studies and books, using research results. But when managing a business, there is no way to learn the parts of the business from books by gaining experience in complete integrity. Company management competence requires practice in areas such as production, marketing, R & D, finance, operations, and strategy. The simplest way to practice this in the learning process is through business simulations and multi-game applications. These simulations help students to acquire workforce skills by practicing critical thinking, making better decisions and solving business problems. It has taken its place in education life as a powerful teaching tool for business simulations. The student teams compete with each other by running multinational enterprises over several game rounds, and the round represents a fiscal year. International business development games are decided and risk-free. During the simulation process, they have to decide on a product portfolio, pricing, advertising, production, R & D and financial structure in each round. International business aspects of the games include exchange rate fluctuations, trade barriers, different tax rates between countries, shipping points and international cash management. In the room, players are interested in the current national differences, including preferred ones, price sensitivity, production location, market growth, business environment, and economic growth. Instructors follow which decisions will be highlighted in the course's planned learning objectives and guide preferences for students. We will explore the decisions and knowledge of CAPSIM Global DNA in a multi-game design. This article differs from other studies in that it is a study that puts forward the theory and application of a computerized representation simultaneously.