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Idiosyncratic risk refers to a distinct category of risk that impacts individual firms and is shaped by multiple aspects, including carbon performance and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures. This risk, particularly concerning environmental sustainability, can provide considerable hurdles for companies. This study aims to examine the influence of carbon performance and ESG disclosure on idiosyncratic risk, with the speed of adjustment serving as a moderating variable. This research examines coal production firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2021 to 2023, with a sample of 26 companies selected through purposive sampling. This research utilizes quantitative methodologies, specifically multiple linear regression and a moderating variable approach. Data is derived from annual reports, financial statements, and sustainability reports of coal firms, as well as information from investing.com and the Katadata Corporate Sustainability Index. The data indicate an inverse correlation between carbon performance and idiosyncratic risk, as well as between ESG disclosure and idiosyncratic risk, suggesting that organizations with superior ratings in both domains encounter diminished idiosyncratic risk. Moreover, whereas the speed of adjustment does not reinforce the connection between carbon performance and idiosyncratic risk, it does augment the association between ESG disclosure and idiosyncratic risk.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) -related information has become a primary non-financial consideration for investors. Carbon Auditing has emerged as a significant accounting framework for providing ESG information. As climate change intensifies, the demand for transparent and accurate carbon auditing has risen. This Study aims to understand how emerging carbon auditing could proactively prevent future scandals, e.g., Volkswagen's Diesel gate Scandal, and mitigate environmental risks. This paper examines the level at which carbon auditing effectively curbs emissions, considering Volkswagen's "Dieselgate" scandal as a case study. It assesses how well carbon auditing works in controlling environmental risks and discusses how enhancements in carbon accounting in the future can help avoid such scandals. The Study was conducted through case study analysis and scenario analysis. The Study found that the Diselgate Scandal reduced share prices, raised awareness through Academia, and produced some policy implications. Scenario 1 analysis shows that a lack of carbon auditing triggers environmental degradation, leading to financial losses. On the other hand, in scenario 2, the Study shows that continuous monitoring leads to long-term financial stability.

ESG (Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance) criteria are becoming increasingly important for companies to activate risk management and create long-term value within the framework of issues such as environmental concerns, expectations, reporting obligations, circular economy, regulatory compliance and investment demands. This study aims to explain how ESG scores and a company's financial performance affect credit risk. A company's ESG performance plays an important role in determining its credit score, which is directly reflected in its financial success and risk profile, and in strategic decision-making processes for investors and policy makers. The study determined that the balance between ESG performance and credit scores should be well understood, especially that high ESG scores may not always mean low financial risk, and that the long-term benefits of ESG investments should be well understood, as they will increase short-term costs.

This research aims to determine the influence of firm size, profitability, leverage, and board size on Islamic social responsibility. The population in this research are companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2020–2022. In this research, we will see the simultaneous and partial influence and the dominant variables using data analysis tools in the form of multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination, hypothesis testing using the F test and t-test, and the classical assumption test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded as follows: Simultaneously, firm size, profitability, leverage, and board size influence Islamic social responsibility. Partially, it can be seen that not all variables have a significant effect on Islamic social responsibility. Firm size and leverage influence Islamic social responsibility, while profitability and board size have no influence. 

Using A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2010 to 2019 and the density of Confucian temples and schools near sample company headquarters, this paper uses regression analysis to estimate the impact of Confucian culture on corporate environmental governance.  Enterprise environmental capital investment as a percent of total assets is the dependent variable used as a proxy for environmental governance. The log of the number of the number of Confucian temples and Confucian academies within a 200-kilometer radius of the company's registered location plus one is the independent variable. This study finds that the environmental capital expenditures increase by 0.007% for every unit increase in the independent variable. Similar results are found when the radius is expanded to 300 kilometers. The greater the influence of Confucian culture is, the more inclined enterprises are to participate in corporate environmental governance. Additionally, environmental governance information disclosure can be a key influence path for this correlation.  Further analysis finds that the relationship between Confucian culture and environmental governance is stronger with more experienced managers, a more developed institutional environment, and after 2015 following the People's Republic of China’s enactment of the Environmental Protection Law.  This study expands the literature on the factors that influence Confucian culture on corporate environmental governance, enriches the empirical evidence of the influence of the informal system of corporate environmental governance on enterprise decision-making, and confirms the modern commercial value of Confucian culture. 

Corporate value is a quality measure that indicates the consistency and sustainability of a company. Good corporate value can only be attained if the company has consistent financial performance, and that value will be used by decision makers inside or outside the company as the guide before making action. Attaining good corporate value should need comprehensive strategies integrated with company operation. Among those strategies is non-financial activity or social responsibility. This research expects that the disclosure of social responsibility by the company will adorn corporate image and give good impact on profitability and corporate value. This research is aimed to examine the effect of social responsibility disclosure on profitability and corporate value. Data testing was conducted using robust regression test and applied on 1306 data of public companies that are listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange on period 2015-2018. Result of the test shows that social responsibility affects profitability and corporate value.
  

This study aims to determine the influencing factors of the banks to join corporate social responsibility activities. Within this scope, annual data of 23 deposit banks in Turkey for the periods between 2005 and 2015 was taken into the consideration. In addition to this situation, panel probit model was used in the analysis so as to achieve this objective. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that there is a negative relationship between CSR activities and nonperforming loans ratio. This situation shows that banks do not prefer to make social responsibility activities in case of higher financial losses. In addition to this situation, it was also identified that there is a positive relationship between return on asset and corporate social responsibility activities of the banks. In other words, it can be understood that Turkish deposit banks, which have higher profitability, joint more CSR activities in comparison with others.

In recent decades, it is gaining more and more dominance in both academic and business life that the company exists for and has responsibilities toward a wider group of stakeholders and it must have some objectives other than profitability. To achieve sustainable development and growth, the companies must assume more duties, which is called the term “corporate social responsibility (CSR).” In the literature, it is questioned whether CSR activities benefit the company or not; whether there is any relationship exists between CSR activities and the company’s financial performance and the direction of the relationship. We aimedto explore that whether there is any effect corporate social performance (CSP) on financial performance and position and vice versa. We performed content analysis through annual reports and derived a social score composed of the items included in disclosure guidelines and some criteria used in CSR ratings. We also used several financial position and financial performance indicators. In order to explore the relationship between CSP and financial indicators, we run panel data regressions. We found significant results for some of the indicators, where some of the indicators gave insignificant results. The reporting of CSR activities is in very low levels. The conscious toward CSR and sustainability must be promoted and the companies must assume more active roles. The reporting of those activities is also important.