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This study examines the long-run relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and institutional quality within the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), focusing on Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia over the period 2002–2019. Drawing on institutional theories of FDI, the analysis employs governance indicators such as political stability, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and rule of law to assess their influence on investment dynamics. Using panel unit root and cointegration tests, the study confirms the existence of a stable long-term equilibrium among the variables. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) estimator is applied to quantify these relationships. Empirical results indicate that control of corruption, political stability, and regulatory quality exert significant positive effects on FDI inflows, even after accounting for macroeconomic controls. Conversely, government effectiveness and rule of law show no statistically significant impact in the presence of the macroeconomic control variables. These findings underscore the critical role of institutional quality in shaping the investment climate of AMU economies. Policy implications suggest that targeted reforms such as strengthening anti-corruption frameworks, enhancing political stability, and improving regulatory governance can bolster institutional credibility, mitigate investment risk, and attract sustainable FDI to the region.  

This study examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economic growth in South Africa over the period 2000 to 2023. An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model was employed to assess the relationship between FDI inflows and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while controlling for key macroeconomic variables. The findings reveal that FDI exerts a significant positive influence on economic performance, with a 1% increase in FDI inflows associated with a 1.93% rise in GDP. However, high inflation exerts a detrimental effect, with a coefficient of -1.99, highlighting the importance of macroeconomic stability. The analysis also indicates that trade openness contributes positively to economic growth, while political risk remains a substantial deterrent to investment, as shown by a coefficient of -3.11. These findings underline the importance of maintaining a stable political environment, managing inflation effectively, and enhancing trade liberalisation to maximise the benefits of FDI. Policy recommendations include strengthening regulatory frameworks and fostering trade openness.

This paper examines the causal relationship between foreign divestment (FD), economic growth, and financial development in African countries between 2000 and 2020. The research addresses the inadequately studied influence of macroeconomic variables on FD, focusing on the African context, where scholarly investigations on FD remain scarce. The study seeks to provide policymakers with insights on strategies to mitigate FD outflows and promote sustainable development. The research employs the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality test to investigate causal relationships between FD, economic growth, and financial development. The study uses panel data covering multiple African nations over two decades, offering a robust temporal and spatial analysis. The approach emphasises examining unidirectional and bidirectional causation within the macroeconomic framework, contributing to a nuanced understanding of the interplay between these variables. The main findings of the study reveal a unidirectional causation between FD and economic growth across African countries, although this relationship is not consistent in all instances. Additionally, a bidirectional causal relationship is identified between FD and financial development (FIN). These findings underscore the interconnectedness of FD with macroeconomic stability and highlight the importance of fostering economic growth and financial sector development to address FD outflows effectively. This study contributes to the underexplored area of FD in African nations by highlighting its causal relationships with economic growth and financial development. It offers valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and multinational enterprises (MNEs). The findings further underscore the importance of sound governance practices, economic stability, and financial sector development in mitigating FD outflows and fostering sustainable development in Africa.

  This study aims to explore the effect of foreign direct investment on the educational attainment.  This paper employed the POLS and 2SLS models. In Pooled Ordinary Least Square Model, educational attainment in primary, lower secondary, upper secondary and masters’ level have the significant positive relationship with foreign direct investment. In Two stage Least Square Model, educational attainment in primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, tertiary and masters’ level have the significant positive relationship with foreign direct investment. This study contributes to look at the impact foreign direct investment on educational attainment. Panel data from 38 Asian countries was gathered for this study, which spanned the years 2011 to 2022. The study results have important policy implications as they are directly linked to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Target 4.1, which aims to guarantee that all girls and boys get free, equitable, and high-quality primary and secondary education by 2030, resulting in relevant and effective learning outcomes.

The study explores relationships between renewable energy variables across African nations, focusing on South Africa (RSA) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) using panel data from 2013 to 2022. Key variables include Chinese mining sector FDI (in USD), renewable energy capacity (in MW), technological advancements, policy frameworks, natural resource management, technological adoption, and risk perception. Employing descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and linear regression, the study reveals notable findings. Descriptive statistics highlight significant diversity in renewable energy capacity, policy support, and mining sector FDI levels across African countries, reflecting varying development stages and investment climates. The DRC exhibits slower FDI growth compared to South Africa. Correlation analysis indicates that Chinese FDI strongly correlates with technological advancements, favorable policy frameworks, and renewable energy capacity, while high-risk perceptions discourage investment and capacity development. Regression results identify technological advancements as the most significant predictor of FDI and sustainable growth, emphasizing its critical role in attracting investment. Although policy frameworks and risk perception show potential, further exploration with larger datasets is required to uncover their moderating or indirect effects. The study underscores the interdependence between technological development, investment flows, and renewable energy capacity. It calls on African nations to prioritize technological advancements, foster partnerships with Chinese firms for technology transfer, and implement robust policy frameworks. Policymakers should focus on political stability, economic reforms, tax incentives, streamlined approvals, co-financing mechanisms, and addressing structural challenges to effectively attract FDI and drive sustainable growth.

Despite extensive research on foreign direct investment (FDI), the specific dynamics and determinants affecting FDI inflows to South-Eastern Asia remain largely unexplored.  This study using Dunning's OLI theory to identify the economic determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) and examines the correlation between FDI inflows and the ease of doing business (EODB).  This study aims to examine the effect of ease of doing business indicators on foreign direct investment inflows and the degree to which they affect the volume of FDI inflows in South-Eastern Asia.  Interest in the determinants of foreign direct investment has surged, as it is regarded as essential for capital inflows to poor countries.   This research utilises a Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) panel regression to analyse FDI flow variations among seven countries—Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam—during the period from 2006 to 2019.  The results indicated a substantial and enduring correlation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the enforcement of contracts, investor protection, tax compliance, and GDP per capita.  The research underscores the significance of EODB variables in attracting FDI to South-East Asia.  Policymakers must prioritise enhancing the business environment by streamlining processes, including investor protection and tax system simplification.  By prioritising certain sectors, governments can cultivate a more conducive environment for foreign investors, leading to heightened FDI inflows.  The results suggest that targeted reforms in these critical sectors can significantly enhance South-East Asia's appeal as a foreign direct investment destination.

Taiwan's banking sector operates in a highly competitive market with narrow profit margins, creating significant pressure for internationalization. This study investigates the external environmental factors influencing the timing of Taiwanese banks' foreign direct investment (FDI) in Japan, with a particular focus on geopolitical risks. The research, based on secondary data analysis and in-depth interviews with senior executives from four Taiwanese banks that have recently invested in Japan, finds that key drivers such as the U.S.-China trade war, supply chain restructuring, Taiwan's New Southbound Policy, changes in Japan's defense and economic security policies, as well as the depreciation of the yen, widening interest margins, and Japan's policy support, play a crucial role in shaping the timing of these investments. Notably, geopolitical risks emerge as a significant determinant in FDI timing decisions. By highlighting the importance of geopolitical risks, this study contributes to the theoretical framework of FDI timing and recommends further research on cross-industry and investment performance to refine analytical framework for FDI timing in a fragmented global economy.

Global trade has significantly expanded over the past thirty years in both developed and emerging economies, a phenomenon assisted by advancements in transportation, telecommunications, and industry. Extensive trading fosters financial links between national economies, hence promoting economic progress. This article aims to investigate the interrelationship among foreign direct investment, trade, and South Africa's economic growth.  Econometric techniques, including the autoregressive distributed lag bound test, were used to annual data from 1988 to 2022. The findings indicated that economic growth is positively affected by foreign direct investment and exports in both the short and long term. This indicated that foreign direct investment and exports are substantial contributions to economic growth.This analysis indicates that both foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade significantly impact the macroeconomic environment and influence economic growth. Developing countries such as South Africa must use diverse strategies to guarantee elevated rates and quality of economic growth. Improvements in the investment climate and the establishment of incentives are necessary to enable the equitable allocation of resources across various sectors to address employment challenges, poverty rates, and the maintenance of growth. Export-oriented strategies should be adopted. Therefore, it is essential to analyse the determinants of economic growth by examining foreign direct investment and trade in the context of South Africa, particularly in relation to the country's performance as measured against the National Development Plan targets since the post-1994 period.

Kenya has historically been one of Africa's top destinations for foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment is critical for Kenya's agricultural sector, offering capital, technology transfer, and skill development that enhance productivity and economic growth. Despite agriculture being a primary economic driver, challenges such as limited capital, outdated farming techniques, and insufficient infrastructure continue to hinder growth. The research explores the contribution of foreign direct investment on agricultural productivity in Kenya as well as to assess the effect of foreign direct investment on the productivity levels of small-scale and large-scale farmers in Kenya for a period 1993 to 2022. Neoclassical growth theory, Endogenous theory were key in guiding the study. This study adapted the causal research design employing time series data from World Bank spanning from years 1993 to 2022. Data was analyzed the data both descriptively and by inferential statistics. The findings of correlational analysis revealed a moderate positive relationships (r= 0.3213) between Foreign direct investment and agricultural productivity. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the significant positive effect of foreign direct investment on agricultural productivity with a coefficient of 0.3661 and p value 0.0014<0.05. This signifies that, in the short term, a 1% increase in foreign direct investment results in a 36.61% rise in the growth of Agricultural productivity, assuming all other variables remain constant. The findings implied that foreign direct investment inflow has the ability to create employment, technological development and improve access to international markets playing a pivotal role in accelerating the agricultural productivity. The Kenyan government should have more effective foreign direct investment strategies to facilitate technology transfer agreements between foreign investors and local agricultural enterprises, additionally, the government should pursue macroeconomic policies that attract foreign direct investment by providing an investor-friendly environment. 

There is a limited amount of literature and data available on the topic of foreign divestment in African countries. The majority of research examining international divestment have primarily concentrated on a single-country context and have utilised factors at the level of individual firms. Unlike other papers, this study took a comprehensive approach by examining foreign divestiture across multiple countries on a continental scale. We analyse the correlation between foreign divestment, financial development, and economic growth over both short and long periods using annual data from 2000 to 2020 in 35 African nations. The principal estimating technique employed was the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) co-integration approach. The study's primary findings revealed a favourable enduring correlation between foreign divestiture and financial development, while indicating an unfavourable enduring correlation between foreign divestment and economic growth. Furthermore, the study found that there is a negative correlation between international divestiture and financial development in the short term. On the other hand, there is a positive and significant correlation between foreign divestment and economic growth. Thus, it is imperative for policymakers to implement rules with efficiency and promote foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in order to enhance economic growth and development in African countries. Additionally, it is imperative for authorities to establish a surveillance system to monitor these connections and adapt policy accordingly in light of evolving economic conditions. The results of this study will not only enhance scholarly discussions, but also offer valuable insights to policymakers, practitioners, businesses, and foreign investors on how to effectively execute policies that promote economic growth and foreign investment in Africa. Moreover, this study provides suggestions for future investigations in the field of foreign divestment.  

This study looks at potential barriers to internationalization that SMMEs in South Africa may face while implementing service quality strategies. The contingency theory, which underpins this essay, emphasizes the necessity for SMMEs to employ a variety of techniques for resolving issues that may impede the implementation of a service quality strategy for the international market. Thematic analysis methods were used in this paper's qualitative research technique, and secondary sources were predominantly used to acquire data on both the private and public sectors. A comprehensive search was used to find the foundational literature for the qualitative study. The results obtained indicate that SMMEs struggle to put their specific strategies into practice because of things like management support, vision barriers, resource barriers, organizational leadership and commitment issues, a lack of knowledge about international markets, technological barriers as a barrier to strategy implementation, and culture, environment, and change management. The authors recommend small and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) devote sufficient effort, resources, and staff to the implementation of their service quality improvement strategy for internationalization. Furthermore, it is advised that SMMEs prioritise service quality strategies for internationalization as well as the necessity of pursuing joint ventures with other multinational enterprises. High leadership dedication, increased global technology improvement, and consideration of environmental considerations will all contribute to improved service quality for the international market. All of this is done to make it easier to implement a strategy and supply appropriate services to all SMMEs in South Africa.

This paper aims to highlight the relationship between cultural differences and the performance of non-equity alliances in the hotel sector with reference to a developing country. The paper employs an empirical investigation based on quantitative analysis. Data were gathered through questionnaires obtained from Tunisian hotels involved in 78 non-equity alliances with foreign partners. The partial least squares (PLS) technique was used to estimate the model. Results reveal that national and organizational cultural differences have a negative impact on alliance performance in this sector. The likelihood of alliance decay is then strengthened. However, national cultural differences do not moderate the relationship between organizational cultural differences and alliance performance. The corporate culture of these hotels could somehow be impervious to local culture. This paper helps fill the void of empirical evidence of the impact of both levels of culture on the performance of non-equity alliances in the hotel industry, which warrants more attention, especially in developing countries.

This paper aims to examine the effect of institutional distance on the level of equity ownership. The sampling technique in this research used a purposive sampling technique. The sample of this research is cross-border acquisition transactions between Chinese multinational companies and target countries in the Southeast Asia region in the 2015 – 2019 period; thus, the total sample of this research is 32 transactions. The analysis technique in this study was Multiple Linear Regression with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model. The main finding of this study demonstrates that economic and geographical distance partially affect the level of equity ownership significantly. Meanwhile, administrative distance does not partially affect the level of equity ownership of the target company by Chinese multinational companies.

Networking capability is used as a supporting variable in SMEs' internationalization efforts. This is because SMEs find it difficult if they are alone to face increasingly fierce competition and are also faced with uncertain economic conditions. This study uses a quantitative approach, with SMEs owners as respondents. A total of 185 respondents are SMEs owners in the East Java region of Indonesia. Simple linear regression analysis is used, to measure validity, and reliability, followed by hypothesis testing. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between networking capability and internationalization. SMEs should be able to establish good and profitable cooperation with the government, suppliers, capital owners, and the community to reduce their limitations.

As the inclination to FDI shifts from developed to developing economies, investors are flocking to emerging markets, particularly to the Next-11 nations, which render additional growth and investment opportunities. Meanwhile, these countries have become popular FDI destinations; the goal of this study is to look at the major factors that make these countries appealing to FDI destinations. As a result, this research examines the factors that influenced FDI inflows into these nations from 1995 to 2019. Market size, trade openness, natural resource availability, economic stability, and infrastructure facilities are among the potential explanatory factors identified in this research. On the panel data set, which includes data from 11 nations, a fixed-effect model is used. The data show that market size, trade openness, natural resource availability, and economic stability are all possible predictors of FDI inflows to these nations, whereas infrastructure appears to be a minor one.  

In this study, we review the literature to find how the financial development of a country attracts foreign direct investments for a sustainable real sector development of the country. The area is least focused on literature. Thus we don’t limit our search and review to any time or database or journal category. We find the theoretical logic and empirical evidence so far available in the literature. Our review finds that the development of the financial sector of a country is one of the most important attractors of FDIs. Theoretically, financial sector development works as a symbol of trust and goodness to the new potential investors and a good resource allocation channel for the existing investors. However, very few researchers find that FDIs are more prone to countries with a low developed financial system which may happen due to the presence of risk-taker foreign investors and risk-averse domestic entrepreneurs.

This study sought to examine the effect of foreign private investment on the development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME’s) in Nigeria. The study adopted a longitudinal research design which made the use of secondary data imperative. The study employed data on the foreign private investments and development of SMEs in Nigeria covering 1991-2018. The variables used are Net Foreign direct investment, Net Foreign Portfolio investment, percentage of foreign direct investment in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and development of SMEs in Nigeria. The technique adopted in this study is multiple regressions to test the hypotheses. E-view econometric software 3:1 was used for the analysis. The result revealed that the value of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) have a negative relationship with the development of SME’s and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the percentage of gross domestic product and exchange rate have a negative and significant impact on the development of SME’s in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that government should increase its funding of small and medium scale enterprises, SME’s should be encouraged to go on public offer to expand the scope of funds, the exchange rate must be strengthened to encourage SME’s to attract funds and the needs to stabilized the economy to discourage divestment.

This empirical paper examines how institutional strengths or weaknesses of emerging markets might affect investment inflows into these countries. The study includes data of 13 emerging economies from different regions. The countries included are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Mexico, Malaysia, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, and Turkey for the time period 2000-2018. The institutional variables; property rights, good governance, corruption, rule of law, and civil liberties are examined to understand if there is a deviation from the existing literature for the emerging countries. Secondly, we also investigated differences among the emerging countries and asked if non-BRIC countries are different in results. A panel data model has been performed for the analysis. Our findings prove that some institutions such as corruption, civil liberties, property rights, and good governance are significantly important to attract FDI into the emerging markets, as indicated in the literature for the developed countries, but not as strong as assumed. Secondly, other institutional constructs such as rule of law and political stability found to be insignificant in emerging markets. Finally, we found a similar result even when we analyzed emerging markets without BRIC countries.

This study aims to determine the effect of internationalization and funding decisions on the performance of manufacturing companies in the last 5 (five) years from 2014-2018 registered in Kompas 100. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with secondary analysis. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS 26 program. Based on the results of data analysis, internationalization (foreign sales to total sales) and funding decisions (DER) partially affect the company's performance (Tobin's Q). Simultaneously internationalization and funding decisions affect company performance. This means companies that are able to increase their exports selectively and strategically will have an impact on the company's performance through increasing effective funding to finance export performance so that it will increase revenue and create better profits, overall affecting the performance of a company through better company value, seen by the increasing value of the company's shares. Finally, this article contributes to the knowledge and understanding of companies especially in Indonesia relating to the performance of a company and its impact on the manufacturing industry, challenges, and future prospects. Therefore it is recommended that in order to improve the performance of companies, especially manufacturing industries, companies when appointing managers, management of manufacturing companies must consider factors such as individual knowledge of the manufacturing industry, export-import, and corporate financial management

The present phenomena of globalization and market liberalization have attracted considerable attention from foreign investors. Several member states of the Caricom Single Market and Economy are becoming heavily dependent on foreign investments. Consequently, this study intends to investigate the effect of economic freedom on foreign portfolio investments in the case of the Caricom Single Market and Economy. For this purpose, this study has used data from 2012 to 2016. The results of the stationarity test showed that data of all variables considered in the study are stationary at level. Moreover, the fixed-effect model better modeled the data as suggested by the results of the Hausman test. Based on the results of the fixed effect models, economic freedom has a significant and positive effect on the total foreign portfolio investments. Therefore, an increase in economic freedom among the Caricom Single Market and Economy member countries will attract more investors to invest in their country stocks and debt instruments. Furthermore, for the robustness of the results, the study has also estimated a separate regression model for foreign debt portfolio investments and foreign equity portfolio investments which also support the baseline regression results and showed a significant and positive effect of economic freedom on both foreign debt and foreign equity portfolio investments. This study suggests that the member countries of the Caricom Single Market and Economy improve their economic freedom which will attract foreign investors to invest in their countries.