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The governance of Information and Communication Technology (ICTG) has become crucial for promoting academic, strategic, and operational objectives at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The aim of this research is to assess if hybrid ICTG models that integrate global frameworks like COBIT, ITIL, and ISO/IEC 38500 with tailored institutional modifications result in enhanced academic outcomes and administrative effectiveness in comparison to higher education institutions that depend exclusively on universal governance standards. A qualitative, desk-oriented research methodology was utilised, relying solely on secondary data sourced from peer-reviewed articles, academic research findings, and recorded higher education institution case studies published from 2016 to 2024. Thematic content analysis was performed to discern governance mechanisms, persistent difficulties, and contextual elements affecting ICTG efficacy across different nations and institutional categories. The results suggest that hybrid ICTG models provide a more robust alignment between ICT operations and institutional objectives, increased governance sophistication, and superior service quality. The dedication of leadership, clear organisational structure, and relational governance tools like communication and stakeholder involvement are vital facilitators of ICTG performance, especially in resource-limited higher education institutions. The analysed evidence indicates that inflexible, foreign governance models may be inappropriate unless they are contextually modified to fit the institutional culture, capabilities, and governance development. The research enhances ICTG scholarship by promoting a conceptual comprehension of hybrid governance frameworks that reconcile global norms with local significance. Despite being constrained by its dependence on secondary data, the study uncovers significant ramifications for institutional policy, ICT leadership advancement, and governance transformation. Subsequent research ought to integrate empirical evidence and comparative analyses across several institutions to substantiate the suggested conceptual framework and evaluate its wider relevance.

This paper examines the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and their high value in supporting strategic competitiveness. To examine the links among strategy formulation, ICT, AI, and uncontrollable factors affecting business operations, this study proposes an interpretive model of these relationships, with strategic competitiveness as the dependent variable. Drawing on interviews and real-world data from several SMEs, the research findings indicate that although adopting AI and forecasting practices may pose challenges, mid-level and top managers increasingly recognize the importance of ICT and AI in formulating and implementing competitive strategies that enhance organizational competitiveness. The key results are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

Studies examining the role of IT capability in supporting revenue-generating activities (RGA) in private universities remain limited. In many private universities in Indonesia, revenue-generating activities are still treated as secondary activities outside the core academic mission and are often managed without adequate technological support. This situation may increase managerial risks and reduce the effectiveness of income diversification initiatives. This study aims to examine the role of IT capability in strengthening the relationship between revenue-generating activities and the financial sustainability of private universities. A survey method was employed by collecting data from financial leaders of private universities. A total of 468 valid responses were obtained from private universities located across three major islands and ten provinces in Indonesia. Prior to hypothesis testing, validity and reliability tests were conducted, and the data were examined to ensure that they met the classical assumption requirements. Regression analysis using SPSS was then applied to test the proposed hypotheses. The results show that revenue-generating activities significantly influence financial sustainability. In addition, IT capability has a direct positive effect on financial sustainability and strengthens the relationship between revenue-generating activities and financial sustainability. These findings suggest that private universities should pay greater attention to developing IT capability to support institutional financial sustainability. This includes investing in IT infrastructure, improving the IT competencies of human resources, and strengthening IT operations that support university development activities, particularly in managing revenue-generating initiatives