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Bribery is a form of corruption, but under Indonesian corruption law, bribery from private actors and other private actors (private to private) is not categorized as a criminal act of corruption. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regulation of bribery as a criminal act of corruption in the future. This research applies normative legal research, using a normative juridical approach, using legal material analysis techniques obtained from the research, examined, to be compiled systematically and presented in descriptive sentences. The results of the study indicate that based on the economic analysis of the law theory approach, it can be seen that Law No. 11 of 1980 has not been able to provide harmony between economic principles and the objectives of the law itself; in economic principle, the existence of Law No. 11 of 1980 1980 does not have the value of efficiency, balance and maximum so that sanctions against perpetrators who commit this crime need to be renewed so that they can get legal benefits with the existence of these corruption legal norms. With the conceptualization of the corruption law, there is a renewal of criminal law related to corruption where there is no longer a difference between private bribery and public actors in the future, thus the accountability carried out by public to private, or private to public actors will be a means to prevent criminal acts of corruption, using the theory of economic analysis of law from Richard Phosner indicates that there are severe sanctions resulting in private-to-private actors prefer not to take bribes, because they are seen as corruption so that there is a fear of loss of profits for themselves both present benefits and future benefits, thus this law becomes the optimal legal norm for preventing private sector corruption.

The National Land Agency (BPN) as the agency in charge of land registration has an important role in preventing overlapping certificates. However, if there is an overlapping of certificates, BPN can only be a consultant and witness who is being questioned until the overlapping certificates can be issued. The purpose of this research is to find out the legal protection of ownership of land rights against the emergence of overlapping certificates. The research method used is empirical legal research. The analysis used is descriptive analysis, namely the data that has been collected is processed for the formulation of research conclusions. Then the research data were analyzed in depth. The results show that the legal protection of ownership of land rights against overlapping certificates is that the owner of the certificate can file a lawsuit because of the existence of the same certificate in the same field and provide evidence in court for the disputing parties. The authority of BPN is to carry out land administration activities starting from land collection to the issuance of certificates. In addition, BPN also acts as a mediator or witness when there is a certificate overlapping dispute because BPN only issues 3 certificates after the data is completely valid. BPN will wait for the far a court decision which has permanent legal force (inkrah) to subsequently cancel the issuance of the disputed certificate in court.

Flats are multi-storey buildings that will be inhabited by many people, so it is necessary to guarantee the security, safety, and enjoyment of the residents. Sales of flats (apartments) with a pre-project selling system, it is certain that the flats (apartments) have not been built so that PPJB in pre-project selling is considered a savior for developers, while for consumers it will be proof of ownership that will be held by consumers before building flats (apartment) finished building. This paper, it is aimed to develop a normative juridical approach to conceptualize the consumer’s legal protection in the sale and purchase of flats in the pre-project selling system. The approach of the study for answering the problem is based on a set of approaches including statutory and conceptual, case, and finally a comparative one.

Housing is a basic necessity, yet land availability is limited. This phenomenon urges residents to resort to vertical living and developers to provide vertical housing. The escalation of the vertical housing market has raised potential issues, particularly the use of strata titles in commercial properties advertisement. Strata title is proof of apartment unit ownership which has been widely recognized in the common law system. Meanwhile, Indonesia as a country that adheres to the civil law system regulates apartment ownership based on SHMSRS or Certificate of Apartment Ownership. This practice will result in legal consequences in the ownership status. Hence, this research is carried out by comparing the concept of strata title in the civil law and common law legal systems through a normative juridical methodology based on a statutory and conceptual approach. This study strives to differ strata title and SHMSRS concept to provide a comprehensive knowledge of apartment ownership and prevent legal problems from surfacing in the future.

The criminal policy of returning state financial losses to corporations as perpetrators of corruption in state financial losses is regulated as additional criminal sanctions in the form of confiscation of goods and payment of replacement money in Article 18 paragraph (1) letter a and letter b of Law Number 31 of 1999 as amended by Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. The purpose of this study is to find out how the legal implications of the criminal policy of returning state financial losses by corporations as perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption are. This research includes normative legal research with several approaches, namely; Historical approach, statutory approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The results of this study show that the existing criminal policy for recovering state financial losses still has various legal implications which result in non-optimal efforts to recover state financial losses due to corruption in state financial losses committed by corporations.