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The research revealed and analysed a trend, between 1995-2020, of a declining gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) to domestic value added in gross exports (DVA in Gross exports) ratio in manufacturing industries for most Advanced Economies, which occurred on the backdrop of increasing of intermediate consumption of professional services. Our model proves the partial substitution of GFCF with intermediate consumption of professional services in Advanced Economies due to the change of production operating model (value chain management in manufacturing industries), which is evidenced by high influence of the combined factor on the DVA in Gross exports. This substitution facilitates the upgrading of value chain by creation of backward and forward linkages for manufacturing industries, depending on their R&D intensity. Systemic and long-term nature of changes may reflect potential paradigm shift in Advanced Economies' production operating models. 

This study compares Corporate Governance (CG) between Hungary and Indonesia and analyzes the causality between CG and financial performance in both countries. CG proxy is the ownership structure. In the monitoring function, CG will improve the company's performance. The company's performance, on the other hand, can affect the ownership structure as one of the markets for corporate control in the CG mechanism. The causality test will inform whether the monitoring or market for corporate control is implemented as a CG mechanism. This study uses the Granger causality test to analyze the bi-causality between CG and financial performance. The sample consists of companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange (BSX) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The results showed that only two pairs of bi-causality relationships (out of six pairs) occurred in the BSE sample companies, and there were three pairs of bi-causality relationships (out of nine pairs) in the IDX sample companies. This research contributes to the relationship between ownership and firm performance based on agency problems from the perspective of the monitoring function and the market for firm control.

The research revealed and analysed a trend, between 1995-2020, of a declining gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) to domestic value added in gross exports (DVA in Gross exports) ratio in manufacturing industries for most Advanced Economies, which occurred on the backdrop of increasing of intermediate consumption of professional services. Our model proves the partial substitution of GFCF with intermediate consumption of professional services in Advanced Economies due to the change of production operating model (value chain management in manufacturing industries), which is evidenced by high influence of the combined factor on the DVA in Gross exports. This substitution facilitates the upgrading of value chain by creation of backward and forward linkages for manufacturing industries, depending on their R&D intensity. Systemic and long-term nature of changes may reflect potential paradigm shift in Advanced Economies' production operating models. 

This study compares Corporate Governance (CG) between Hungary and Indonesia and analyzes the causality between CG and financial performance in both countries. CG proxy is the ownership structure. In the monitoring function, CG will improve the company's performance. The company's performance, on the other hand, can affect the ownership structure as one of the markets for corporate control in the CG mechanism. The causality test will inform whether the monitoring or market for corporate control is implemented as a CG mechanism. This study uses the Granger causality test to analyze the bi-causality between CG and financial performance. The sample consists of companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange (BSX) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The results showed that only two pairs of bi-causality relationships (out of six pairs) occurred in the BSE sample companies, and there were three pairs of bi-causality relationships (out of nine pairs) in the IDX sample companies. This research contributes to the relationship between ownership and firm performance based on agency problems from the perspective of the monitoring function and the market for firm control.