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This research examines the correlation between human capital and economic growth in South Africa. Human capital is represented by Government Expenditure on Health (GEH), Government Expenditure on Education (GEE), and Secondary School Enrolment (SER). Notwithstanding substantial investments in these domains, South Africa has enduring economic difficulties, prompting apprehensions regarding the efficacy of existing human capital policies. This research aims to evaluate the influence of differences in GEH, GEE, and SER on economic productivity, consequently guiding policy decisions. We utilised a quantitative methodology employing annual time series data obtained from the World Bank and the South African Reserve Bank. The analysis incorporated unit root tests (ADF) to determine data stationarity and Johansen cointegration tests to examine long-term correlations among the variables. The data indicate that GEH positively influences economic productivity, suggesting a correlation between increased health spending and elevated GDP. Conversely, SER exhibits a negative correlation with economic growth, indicating that merely augmenting enrolment numbers does not yield enhanced economic results. While Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has a favourable correlation with economic growth, it is statistically insignificant. The report advocates for South Africa to prioritise educational quality over enrolment figures and to ensure continuous investment in healthcare services. Furthermore, subsequent research ought to investigate the ramifications of human capital within particular sectors, such as tourism, to yield focused policy recommendations for fostering economic growth.

Education is generally considered to be the core source of individuals’ better life and countries' economic and social development. Consequently, attending university and getting high qualifications are perceived as tools that generate and enhance economic growth. The current study aimed to analyse the effect of various educational levels on South African economic growth. The study employed quarterly data from 1995Q1 to 2021Q4. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was employed to assess both long-run and short-run relationships among variables. The long-run results revealed that people who completed their grade 12 (with matric certificate) and bachelor's degrees contribute positively to South African economic growth. However, honours and higher degrees (master's and PhD) were found to have an inverse relationship with economic growth in South Africa. On the other hand, the short-run relationship indicated that all education levels contribute to economic growth in the short term. Based on these findings, the author suggests that the South African higher education curriculum should be revised as the negative effect of high education towards economic growth should be resulting in growing unemployment and graduates waiting to be employed rather than creating jobs themselves. Additionally, increasing job creation for graduates with higher qualifications would reduce the number of graduates that leave the country looking for employment abroad.

Over the years, productivity performance has been the subject that generated enormous interest amongst economic scholars.  This shows the value of productivity on business growth.  Hence, the implementation of improved interventions for productivity improvement requires appropriate innovative practices for industries.  This sentiment supports the importance of innovation for productivity improvement.   Consequently, this study assesses the influence of innovation on labour productivity in an automotive assembly organisation in South Africa.  It has been established that the manufacturing industry in South Africa has low labour productivity compared with its BRICS counterpart countries like Russia, India and China.  As a result, this study centres its attention on innovation, considering low levels of labour productivity in the manufacturing sector of South Africa. It was quantitative in design and the investigation was achieved by collecting pre-and post-innovative quarterly data for spoilage and the achievement of production targets.  The study analysed the production and related experiences of an automotive assembly organisation, operating in KwaZulu-Natal in the eThekwini Municipality that had adopted an innovative seat-handling manipulator in its assembly process.  The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), was used to analyse data.  The study indicates that spoilage rate and the achievement of production targets have the relationship with labour productivity after an innovative seat handling manipulator was implemented in the organisation.

This study examines whether movement out of agriculture accelerates productivity convergence in West Africa. We assemble an annual country panel for 16 West African economies over 2000–2023 from the World Development Indicators, Penn World Table 11.0 and Worldwide Governance Indicators. The estimable dynamic specification contains 237 country-year observations for 11 economies because the Penn World Table human-capital series determines the common complete-case sample. A pre-specified two-step System GMM model is rejected because second-order serial correlation is significant and the Hansen test is uninformative. Inference therefore rests on a dynamic country-and-year fixed-effects model with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, supplemented by a first-order Nickell-bias assessment and a three-sector shift-share decomposition. Labour productivity is conditionally convergent: the lag coefficient is 0.841, implying a four-year half-life, or about 9.7 years under the conservative bias approximation. Capital deepening is positive and statistically precise, while manufacturing, services and agricultural-employment shares are not separately significant. This absence of statistical precision does not imply that structural transformation is irrelevant: employment reallocation contributes positively in all 16 economies. Regionally, within-sector gains account for 75.2% of observed productivity change, reallocation for 29.3%, and the interaction term for −4.5%. Policy should combine labour mobility with capital formation and productivity upgrading inside agriculture, manufacturing and services rather than pursue sector-share targets alone.

This study examines whether movement out of agriculture accelerates productivity convergence in West Africa. We assemble an annual country panel for 16 West African economies over 2000–2023 from the World Development Indicators, Penn World Table 11.0 and Worldwide Governance Indicators. The estimable dynamic specification contains 237 country-year observations for 11 economies because the Penn World Table human-capital series determines the common complete-case sample. A pre-specified two-step System GMM model is rejected because second-order serial correlation is significant and the Hansen test is uninformative. Inference therefore rests on a dynamic country-and-year fixed-effects model with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, supplemented by a first-order Nickell-bias assessment and a three-sector shift-share decomposition. Labour productivity is conditionally convergent: the lag coefficient is 0.841, implying a four-year half-life, or about 9.7 years under the conservative bias approximation. Capital deepening is positive and statistically precise, while manufacturing, services and agricultural-employment shares are not separately significant. This absence of statistical precision does not imply that structural transformation is irrelevant: employment reallocation contributes positively in all 16 economies. Regionally, within-sector gains account for 75.2% of observed productivity change, reallocation for 29.3%, and the interaction term for −4.5%. Policy should combine labour mobility with capital formation and productivity upgrading inside agriculture, manufacturing and services rather than pursue sector-share targets alone.

Over the years, productivity performance has been the subject that generated enormous interest amongst economic scholars.  This shows the value of productivity on business growth.  Hence, the implementation of improved interventions for productivity improvement requires appropriate innovative practices for industries.  This sentiment supports the importance of innovation for productivity improvement.   Consequently, this study assesses the influence of innovation on labour productivity in an automotive assembly organisation in South Africa.  It has been established that the manufacturing industry in South Africa has low labour productivity compared with its BRICS counterpart countries like Russia, India and China.  As a result, this study centres its attention on innovation, considering low levels of labour productivity in the manufacturing sector of South Africa. It was quantitative in design and the investigation was achieved by collecting pre-and post-innovative quarterly data for spoilage and the achievement of production targets.  The study analysed the production and related experiences of an automotive assembly organisation, operating in KwaZulu-Natal in the eThekwini Municipality that had adopted an innovative seat-handling manipulator in its assembly process.  The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), was used to analyse data.  The study indicates that spoilage rate and the achievement of production targets have the relationship with labour productivity after an innovative seat handling manipulator was implemented in the organisation.

This research examines the correlation between human capital and economic growth in South Africa. Human capital is represented by Government Expenditure on Health (GEH), Government Expenditure on Education (GEE), and Secondary School Enrolment (SER). Notwithstanding substantial investments in these domains, South Africa has enduring economic difficulties, prompting apprehensions regarding the efficacy of existing human capital policies. This research aims to evaluate the influence of differences in GEH, GEE, and SER on economic productivity, consequently guiding policy decisions. We utilised a quantitative methodology employing annual time series data obtained from the World Bank and the South African Reserve Bank. The analysis incorporated unit root tests (ADF) to determine data stationarity and Johansen cointegration tests to examine long-term correlations among the variables. The data indicate that GEH positively influences economic productivity, suggesting a correlation between increased health spending and elevated GDP. Conversely, SER exhibits a negative correlation with economic growth, indicating that merely augmenting enrolment numbers does not yield enhanced economic results. While Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has a favourable correlation with economic growth, it is statistically insignificant. The report advocates for South Africa to prioritise educational quality over enrolment figures and to ensure continuous investment in healthcare services. Furthermore, subsequent research ought to investigate the ramifications of human capital within particular sectors, such as tourism, to yield focused policy recommendations for fostering economic growth.

Education is generally considered to be the core source of individuals’ better life and countries' economic and social development. Consequently, attending university and getting high qualifications are perceived as tools that generate and enhance economic growth. The current study aimed to analyse the effect of various educational levels on South African economic growth. The study employed quarterly data from 1995Q1 to 2021Q4. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was employed to assess both long-run and short-run relationships among variables. The long-run results revealed that people who completed their grade 12 (with matric certificate) and bachelor's degrees contribute positively to South African economic growth. However, honours and higher degrees (master's and PhD) were found to have an inverse relationship with economic growth in South Africa. On the other hand, the short-run relationship indicated that all education levels contribute to economic growth in the short term. Based on these findings, the author suggests that the South African higher education curriculum should be revised as the negative effect of high education towards economic growth should be resulting in growing unemployment and graduates waiting to be employed rather than creating jobs themselves. Additionally, increasing job creation for graduates with higher qualifications would reduce the number of graduates that leave the country looking for employment abroad.