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This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in South Africa, specifically in the Gauteng province. The study adopted a qualitative research approach by making use of semi-structured interviews with 15 female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in the Gauteng province. A non-probability sampling approach was adopted by means of convenience sampling. Data was analysed through thematic content analysis, using Atlas.ti.  Findings from the study indicated that female entrepreneurs in the learner transport industry face several challenges such as high operational costs, a male-dominated industry, being disrespected or undermined by customers, a lack of trust and commitment, being belittled, as well as a lack of opportunity awareness. Participants also indicated a need for government intervention in the industry due to prevailing working conditions. The findings of the study contribute both to the industry, as well as the existing body of knowledge. The findings from the study will assist the national government to collaborate with regional governmental transport agencies, as well as with regional industry associations in an effort to improve the working environment for female entrepreneurs, as well as grow the learner transport industry in a more structured and regulated manner. The industry, despite being regulated by regional transport associations, is currently unstructured.

The increasing unemployment rates in South Africa and other parts of the continent underscore the critical importance of youth involvement in entrepreneurship to sustain the economy and enhance living standards. Despite this, youth participation in entrepreneurship remains low. This study aimed to investigate the entrepreneurial cognition of opportunities and challenges among the youth in the South African context. Exploratory design using a qualitative research approach, focusing on a cross-sectional data collection method through structured online interviews was employed. A sample of twelve South African youth. The findings show that engagement in entrepreneurial activities remains limited due to significant cognitive challenges which stem from historical inequalities that have marginalized many from economic participation and from present systems that are less supportive of the youth. The study recommends promoting an entrepreneurial mindset focused on seizing opportunities and overcoming historical constraints to stimulate start-up creation and reduce unemployment.

Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are crucial to South Africa's economy, significantly contributing to job creation and innovation. However, they face challenges such as limited access to finance, skills shortages, and difficulties in adopting emerging technologies, which hinder their growth and sustainability. This study aims to explore the role of innovative entrepreneurship and technology in enhancing SMME performance. Through a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, the research identifies twelve key themes that underscore how innovative entrepreneurship can drive adaptability, improve operational efficiency, and facilitate market access. Findings indicate that innovative business models and practices are essential for SMMEs to overcome financial and operational barriers, enabling them to respond effectively to market demands. The study recommends that the South African government and private sector collaborate to enhance financial accessibility, develop targeted training programmes, and improve infrastructure. By fostering a supportive environment for innovative entrepreneurship, SMMEs can leverage emerging technologies more effectively, ultimately driving economic growth and social development in the country.

Entrepreneurship policy occupies a significant role in the economic and social development policies of BRICS Plus states, but its efficacy is still debated. This study seeks to analyse the congruence between entrepreneurship policy frameworks, institutional conditions, and the realities of entrepreneurial ecosystems in situations where entrepreneurship is extensively advocated as a catalyst for job creation, poverty alleviation, and inclusive growth. This study employs a systematic literature review framework based on PRISMA principles, utilising peer-reviewed research from entrepreneurship, public policy, and development studies to examine the influence of policy instruments and institutional arrangements on entrepreneurial activity and development outcomes. The analysis indicates a continual disparity between policy intentions and actual implementation, marked by the prevalence of formal, organization-focused, and growth-driven policy assumptions that insufficiently address the informal, hybrid, and collective entrepreneurial practices common in BRICS Plus environments. Key findings (i) reveal inadequate integration of community-level ecosystems, (ii) institutional complexity hindering policy implementation, and (iii) misalignment between entrepreneurship policy objectives and inclusive development as well as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) outcomes. The study proposes a policy-ecosystem alignment framework that redefines entrepreneurship policy as an adaptive, multi-tiered process situated within intricate institutional contexts. The research proposes a Policy–Ecosystem Alignment Framework that synthesises policy orientation, institutional conditions, ecosystem dynamics, and development results to elucidate disparities in entrepreneurial policy efficacy among BRICS Plus nations. The study suggests that achieving more inclusive and context-sensitive entrepreneurship outcomes in BRICS Plus nations necessitates policy frameworks that acknowledge entrepreneurial variety, institutional diversity, and ecosystem dynamics.

Entrepreneurship policy occupies a significant role in the economic and social development policies of BRICS Plus states, but its efficacy is still debated. This study seeks to analyse the congruence between entrepreneurship policy frameworks, institutional conditions, and the realities of entrepreneurial ecosystems in situations where entrepreneurship is extensively advocated as a catalyst for job creation, poverty alleviation, and inclusive growth. This study employs a systematic literature review framework based on PRISMA principles, utilising peer-reviewed research from entrepreneurship, public policy, and development studies to examine the influence of policy instruments and institutional arrangements on entrepreneurial activity and development outcomes. The analysis indicates a continual disparity between policy intentions and actual implementation, marked by the prevalence of formal, organization-focused, and growth-driven policy assumptions that insufficiently address the informal, hybrid, and collective entrepreneurial practices common in BRICS Plus environments. Key findings (i) reveal inadequate integration of community-level ecosystems, (ii) institutional complexity hindering policy implementation, and (iii) misalignment between entrepreneurship policy objectives and inclusive development as well as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) outcomes. The study proposes a policy-ecosystem alignment framework that redefines entrepreneurship policy as an adaptive, multi-tiered process situated within intricate institutional contexts. The research proposes a Policy–Ecosystem Alignment Framework that synthesises policy orientation, institutional conditions, ecosystem dynamics, and development results to elucidate disparities in entrepreneurial policy efficacy among BRICS Plus nations. The study suggests that achieving more inclusive and context-sensitive entrepreneurship outcomes in BRICS Plus nations necessitates policy frameworks that acknowledge entrepreneurial variety, institutional diversity, and ecosystem dynamics.

The increasing unemployment rates in South Africa and other parts of the continent underscore the critical importance of youth involvement in entrepreneurship to sustain the economy and enhance living standards. Despite this, youth participation in entrepreneurship remains low. This study aimed to investigate the entrepreneurial cognition of opportunities and challenges among the youth in the South African context. Exploratory design using a qualitative research approach, focusing on a cross-sectional data collection method through structured online interviews was employed. A sample of twelve South African youth. The findings show that engagement in entrepreneurial activities remains limited due to significant cognitive challenges which stem from historical inequalities that have marginalized many from economic participation and from present systems that are less supportive of the youth. The study recommends promoting an entrepreneurial mindset focused on seizing opportunities and overcoming historical constraints to stimulate start-up creation and reduce unemployment.

Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are crucial to South Africa's economy, significantly contributing to job creation and innovation. However, they face challenges such as limited access to finance, skills shortages, and difficulties in adopting emerging technologies, which hinder their growth and sustainability. This study aims to explore the role of innovative entrepreneurship and technology in enhancing SMME performance. Through a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, the research identifies twelve key themes that underscore how innovative entrepreneurship can drive adaptability, improve operational efficiency, and facilitate market access. Findings indicate that innovative business models and practices are essential for SMMEs to overcome financial and operational barriers, enabling them to respond effectively to market demands. The study recommends that the South African government and private sector collaborate to enhance financial accessibility, develop targeted training programmes, and improve infrastructure. By fostering a supportive environment for innovative entrepreneurship, SMMEs can leverage emerging technologies more effectively, ultimately driving economic growth and social development in the country.

This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in South Africa, specifically in the Gauteng province. The study adopted a qualitative research approach by making use of semi-structured interviews with 15 female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in the Gauteng province. A non-probability sampling approach was adopted by means of convenience sampling. Data was analysed through thematic content analysis, using Atlas.ti.  Findings from the study indicated that female entrepreneurs in the learner transport industry face several challenges such as high operational costs, a male-dominated industry, being disrespected or undermined by customers, a lack of trust and commitment, being belittled, as well as a lack of opportunity awareness. Participants also indicated a need for government intervention in the industry due to prevailing working conditions. The findings of the study contribute both to the industry, as well as the existing body of knowledge. The findings from the study will assist the national government to collaborate with regional governmental transport agencies, as well as with regional industry associations in an effort to improve the working environment for female entrepreneurs, as well as grow the learner transport industry in a more structured and regulated manner. The industry, despite being regulated by regional transport associations, is currently unstructured.