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The aim of the paper is to analyze the sustainability of cryptocurrency in blockchain technology in African countries for securing financial business transactions. Following the subprime crisis that shook the world economy, a new perception of money has emerged. It is a fully digital currency whose transactions are made through a distributed network. This algorithm-encrypted currency, reputed to be tamper-proof, transparent and inclusive, relies on a distributed network called the Blockchain. By comparison with traditional registers in which operations are paginated and successively recorded, transactions in blockchain technology are aggregated within the chain of blocks. It is decentralized since it is replicated on several geographic sites around the world. It enables peer-to-peer transactions, automated in real-time, reliable, secure, without intermediaries and non-repudiable. To ensure maximum security during financial transactions, blockchain miners use cryptography. This distributed system is, therefore, a major technological innovation capable of securing the financial infrastructure and mitigating failures by reducing operational risks. According to our analysis based on the Merkle tree model and blockchain energy consumption, the sustainability of cryptocurrency is a major issue for developing countries. Especially in Africa, its practicality poses a number of constraints.

Cryptocurrencies are attracting considerable attention around the world because of the various advantages that they offer. On the other hand, they also carry some inherent risks. Although monetary authorities broadly agree that cryptocurrencies do not engender an immediate threat to national and global financial systems, the future is full of unknowns. In this regard, drawing a framework based on the current drivers of demand for cryptocurrencies would help visualize the prospects for these assets and create a roadmap to avoid or manage any disruptive risks. This discussion paper aims to contribute to the literature by examining the key factors that will determine the future performance of cryptocurrencies. The main conclusion derived from the discussion is that national regulations will potentially affect the direction of cryptocurrencies, as well as the need for any special efforts in the domain of monetary policy

The blockchain technology has given a new shape to the world and disrupted a wide variety of technology-based industries. The disruptive characteristics of blockchain technology have molded the way of doing things. Since the importance of blockchain technology in business and social environment is increasing day by day, this study aimed to underline risks of blockchain technology within the network. Two strategies were made to infer the technology-based risk in the blockchain ecosystem. First, the study examined to find the technology-based risk at the point where a user executes the transaction from his/her computer ‘Node’. Second, this study attempts to figure out the security concerns within the web of the blockchain. After assessment of benefits and risks of this technology, this study concluded with the findings that blockchain is very much secure and trustable system which provides peer-to-peer transactions without needing any trusted third party, besides, once the information of the transaction is recorded, the system stores multiple copies of it, so there is no chance to change or delete it from the system. In the case of negligence, there is a possibility of forgery at the node, but numerous software has been developed for protecting the computer. The approach of the study is grounded in the literature review of journal articles, reports, and conference proceedings from authenticated sources via content analysis of the keywords such as blockchain, security, trust, technology-based risks. Blockchain technology is not associated with finance but it has high usage in other areas like health, education, supply chain, the music industry and many more to explore.

The emergence of tokenization of real-world assets (RWA) has disrupted transformative innovation in global finance, enabling the representation of financial and physical assets on blockchain networks. This study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) of 25 peer-reviewed research works published between 2015 and 2026, supplemented by authoritative policy and industry reports to explore the implications of RWA tokenization for financial market transformative innovation. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Framework, this study identifies four main research streams: (1) technical and economic drivers, (2) effects of market transformation, (3) regulatory and governance pressures, and (4) risks and adoption dynamics. According to the review, tokenization enhances efficiency, accessibility, and liquidity through continuous trading, smart contracts, and fractional ownership. However, barriers such as technological risks, governance uncertainty, and regulatory fragmentation remain prominent. The study contributes to the academic discourse by providing a comprehensive synthesis of RWA tokenization and emphasizing its implications for developing markets, in particular, financial inclusion and capital formation. The study concludes that although RWA tokenization holds substantial transformative innovation potential, its long-term impact lies in regulatory harmonization, infrastructure development, and empirical validation.

The purpose of this article is to establish factors influencing the adoption of a Blockchain-based tax system for MNEs operating in developing countries. The study was prompted by the fact that the MNEs are a significant contributor to many developing countries. Yet, there is a noticeable gap in literature regarding the factors influencing the adoption of the block-based tax system. By analysing related literature, this research aims to identify the primary drivers of Blockchain-based tax systems. The study adopts a systematic literature review approach, encompassing the analysis and synthesis of relevant literature and authoritative reports. Fifty-five [55] articles were analysed and reviewed. The article found that the adoption and implementation of a Blockchain-based tax system is influenced by technology, regulatory and legal, economic and financial, organisational and human, and contextual factors. In addition, the paper delved into challenges faced by the MNEs and tax authorities that hamper the implementation of the aforementioned technology. A myriad of challenges identified include the lack of preparedness due to lack of digital infrastructure, skills gaps, laws and policies that do not foster innovation and economic growth and the fear of the unknown. This paper recommends training and capacity-building programmes to upskill tax administrators and MNE operators so that they can smoothly embrace emerging technologies with adequate skills and competencies. In addition, there is a need for governments involved to establish legal and regulatory frameworks that foster innovation Also, to close the skills gap, there is a need for collaboration between the industry and academia. The novel contribution of this paper is that it is among studies that have pioneered research on Blockchain-based tax system adoption for MNEs operating in developing countries.

The emergence of tokenization of real-world assets (RWA) has disrupted transformative innovation in global finance, enabling the representation of financial and physical assets on blockchain networks. This study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) of 25 peer-reviewed research works published between 2015 and 2026, supplemented by authoritative policy and industry reports to explore the implications of RWA tokenization for financial market transformative innovation. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Framework, this study identifies four main research streams: (1) technical and economic drivers, (2) effects of market transformation, (3) regulatory and governance pressures, and (4) risks and adoption dynamics. According to the review, tokenization enhances efficiency, accessibility, and liquidity through continuous trading, smart contracts, and fractional ownership. However, barriers such as technological risks, governance uncertainty, and regulatory fragmentation remain prominent. The study contributes to the academic discourse by providing a comprehensive synthesis of RWA tokenization and emphasizing its implications for developing markets, in particular, financial inclusion and capital formation. The study concludes that although RWA tokenization holds substantial transformative innovation potential, its long-term impact lies in regulatory harmonization, infrastructure development, and empirical validation.

The purpose of this article is to establish factors influencing the adoption of a Blockchain-based tax system for MNEs operating in developing countries. The study was prompted by the fact that the MNEs are a significant contributor to many developing countries. Yet, there is a noticeable gap in literature regarding the factors influencing the adoption of the block-based tax system. By analysing related literature, this research aims to identify the primary drivers of Blockchain-based tax systems. The study adopts a systematic literature review approach, encompassing the analysis and synthesis of relevant literature and authoritative reports. Fifty-five [55] articles were analysed and reviewed. The article found that the adoption and implementation of a Blockchain-based tax system is influenced by technology, regulatory and legal, economic and financial, organisational and human, and contextual factors. In addition, the paper delved into challenges faced by the MNEs and tax authorities that hamper the implementation of the aforementioned technology. A myriad of challenges identified include the lack of preparedness due to lack of digital infrastructure, skills gaps, laws and policies that do not foster innovation and economic growth and the fear of the unknown. This paper recommends training and capacity-building programmes to upskill tax administrators and MNE operators so that they can smoothly embrace emerging technologies with adequate skills and competencies. In addition, there is a need for governments involved to establish legal and regulatory frameworks that foster innovation Also, to close the skills gap, there is a need for collaboration between the industry and academia. The novel contribution of this paper is that it is among studies that have pioneered research on Blockchain-based tax system adoption for MNEs operating in developing countries.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive force that can transform various sectors, such as financial institutions, supply chain management, and healthcare, by bolstering transparency, traceability, and stakeholder trust. This research conducts a systematic review to investigate the role of blockchain technology in enhancing data security and privacy within information systems. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a thorough analysis of the existing literature sourced from five reputable academic databases (EBSCOhost, Scopus, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and the ACM Digital Library). The research delves into the capabilities of blockchain technology in information systems (IS) to strengthen the security and privacy of data. However, there is a notable gap in research focusing on the role of blockchain in enhancing data security and privacy. The solutions identified encompass the advantages of blockchain, such as transparency, traceability, immutability, scalability, and security within a decentralised ledger. This research contributes fresh insights into the potential of blockchain technology to enhance security and privacy within information systems, offering a foundation for further exploration and innovation.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the sustainability of cryptocurrency in blockchain technology in African countries for securing financial business transactions. Following the subprime crisis that shook the world economy, a new perception of money has emerged. It is a fully digital currency whose transactions are made through a distributed network. This algorithm-encrypted currency, reputed to be tamper-proof, transparent and inclusive, relies on a distributed network called the Blockchain. By comparison with traditional registers in which operations are paginated and successively recorded, transactions in blockchain technology are aggregated within the chain of blocks. It is decentralized since it is replicated on several geographic sites around the world. It enables peer-to-peer transactions, automated in real-time, reliable, secure, without intermediaries and non-repudiable. To ensure maximum security during financial transactions, blockchain miners use cryptography. This distributed system is, therefore, a major technological innovation capable of securing the financial infrastructure and mitigating failures by reducing operational risks. According to our analysis based on the Merkle tree model and blockchain energy consumption, the sustainability of cryptocurrency is a major issue for developing countries. Especially in Africa, its practicality poses a number of constraints.

Cryptocurrencies are attracting considerable attention around the world because of the various advantages that they offer. On the other hand, they also carry some inherent risks. Although monetary authorities broadly agree that cryptocurrencies do not engender an immediate threat to national and global financial systems, the future is full of unknowns. In this regard, drawing a framework based on the current drivers of demand for cryptocurrencies would help visualize the prospects for these assets and create a roadmap to avoid or manage any disruptive risks. This discussion paper aims to contribute to the literature by examining the key factors that will determine the future performance of cryptocurrencies. The main conclusion derived from the discussion is that national regulations will potentially affect the direction of cryptocurrencies, as well as the need for any special efforts in the domain of monetary policy