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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In this article the features of Crypto Currencies, which are not backed by governments, are investigated with regards to their specialties, usage areas and current structures. In this context the newly invented crypto currencies are compared with currency types that were in use in different periods of history. A similarity between Crypto Currencies and Free Banking Era Banknotes is noticed and thus investigated in details. The possible risks and outcomes with regards to the future usage of crypto currencies are analyzed and elaborated.</span></em></p>

This study aims to identify the most influential blockchain types for potential implementation areas in the transforming mobility ecosystem, considering application area-specific needs such as transparency, transaction speed, scalability, energy usage, security, and operating cost. The study demonstrated the hybrid blockchain suitability for most of the 13 distinguished mobility applications, while private and consortium blockchains are found applicable based on the needs of specific use cases. A public blockchain is only found suitable for two of the use cases. Proof of Authority and Proof of Stake matches well with most use cases, while Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Proof of Work could be suitable in particular.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the sustainability of cryptocurrency in blockchain technology in African countries for securing financial business transactions. Following the subprime crisis that shook the world economy, a new perception of money has emerged. It is a fully digital currency whose transactions are made through a distributed network. This algorithm-encrypted currency, reputed to be tamper-proof, transparent and inclusive, relies on a distributed network called the Blockchain. By comparison with traditional registers in which operations are paginated and successively recorded, transactions in blockchain technology are aggregated within the chain of blocks. It is decentralized since it is replicated on several geographic sites around the world. It enables peer-to-peer transactions, automated in real-time, reliable, secure, without intermediaries and non-repudiable. To ensure maximum security during financial transactions, blockchain miners use cryptography. This distributed system is, therefore, a major technological innovation capable of securing the financial infrastructure and mitigating failures by reducing operational risks. According to our analysis based on the Merkle tree model and blockchain energy consumption, the sustainability of cryptocurrency is a major issue for developing countries. Especially in Africa, its practicality poses a number of constraints.

Cryptocurrencies are attracting considerable attention around the world because of the various advantages that they offer. On the other hand, they also carry some inherent risks. Although monetary authorities broadly agree that cryptocurrencies do not engender an immediate threat to national and global financial systems, the future is full of unknowns. In this regard, drawing a framework based on the current drivers of demand for cryptocurrencies would help visualize the prospects for these assets and create a roadmap to avoid or manage any disruptive risks. This discussion paper aims to contribute to the literature by examining the key factors that will determine the future performance of cryptocurrencies. The main conclusion derived from the discussion is that national regulations will potentially affect the direction of cryptocurrencies, as well as the need for any special efforts in the domain of monetary policy

This study examines the prospective integration of blockchain technologies to enhance operational transparency in the Iraqi banking sector. Despite the absence of actual blockchain deployment, the research adopts a foresight-driven, empirical approach combining literature analysis with survey data from 82 banking professionals. Results from statistical tests (including ANOVA and t-tests) reveal a generally low level of institutional awareness but a strong perceived potential for transparency improvement—especially when paired with a phased implementation model. Moreover, technological infrastructure and management attitudes were found to significantly mediate the adoption process. The study concludes with practical recommendations tailored to Iraq’s institutional realities and proposes a scalable roadmap for gradual blockchain adoption. These insights contribute to bridging the gap between technological potential and institutional readiness in developing economies.

The emergence of tokenization of real-world assets (RWA) has disrupted transformative innovation in global finance, enabling the representation of financial and physical assets on blockchain networks. This study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) of 25 peer-reviewed research works published between 2015 and 2026, supplemented by authoritative policy and industry reports to explore the implications of RWA tokenization for financial market transformative innovation. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Framework, this study identifies four main research streams: (1) technical and economic drivers, (2) effects of market transformation, (3) regulatory and governance pressures, and (4) risks and adoption dynamics. According to the review, tokenization enhances efficiency, accessibility, and liquidity through continuous trading, smart contracts, and fractional ownership. However, barriers such as technological risks, governance uncertainty, and regulatory fragmentation remain prominent. The study contributes to the academic discourse by providing a comprehensive synthesis of RWA tokenization and emphasizing its implications for developing markets, in particular, financial inclusion and capital formation. The study concludes that although RWA tokenization holds substantial transformative innovation potential, its long-term impact lies in regulatory harmonization, infrastructure development, and empirical validation.

Blockchain is now a powerful tool against dishonesty in the world of finance, offering new ways to make systems safer and more transparent and to help people trust the system. But we’re still figuring out which rules and official structures are needed for blockchain to work well, and how it can specifically reduce fraud in South African financial markets. This research examines how blockchain can address fraudulent financial activities. The researcher conducted extensive reading, identified useful materials, used a specific method to select which materials to draw information from, and carefully collected key details and insights from them. This information was then sorted into topics. The researcher then examined how the different sources related to one another to identify where they agreed, disagreed, or held differing views. They then brought all this analysed information together to form a conclusion and gain some understanding of the original question. Blockchain can significantly reduce fraud in the financial world by using various processes to make systems work better, be more secure, and more open. Features like immutable records, greater transparency, smart contracts, identity verification, real-time checks, fraud prevention with security tokens, and lower costs are all ways blockchain could help combat fraud. Financial markets using blockchain should have strong rules from the government and financial authorities. This means having very clear rules for oversight, being transparent about what is happening, and following the law to build trust, openness, and a system of accountability. What the research shows is important for policymakers and regulators. By showing how blockchain can make markets more honest and reduce fraud, the research suggests regulators should develop rules that allow this technology to be used in finance.

The purpose of this article is to establish factors influencing the adoption of a Blockchain-based tax system for MNEs operating in developing countries. The study was prompted by the fact that the MNEs are a significant contributor to many developing countries. Yet, there is a noticeable gap in literature regarding the factors influencing the adoption of the block-based tax system. By analysing related literature, this research aims to identify the primary drivers of Blockchain-based tax systems. The study adopts a systematic literature review approach, encompassing the analysis and synthesis of relevant literature and authoritative reports. Fifty-five [55] articles were analysed and reviewed. The article found that the adoption and implementation of a Blockchain-based tax system is influenced by technology, regulatory and legal, economic and financial, organisational and human, and contextual factors. In addition, the paper delved into challenges faced by the MNEs and tax authorities that hamper the implementation of the aforementioned technology. A myriad of challenges identified include the lack of preparedness due to lack of digital infrastructure, skills gaps, laws and policies that do not foster innovation and economic growth and the fear of the unknown. This paper recommends training and capacity-building programmes to upskill tax administrators and MNE operators so that they can smoothly embrace emerging technologies with adequate skills and competencies. In addition, there is a need for governments involved to establish legal and regulatory frameworks that foster innovation Also, to close the skills gap, there is a need for collaboration between the industry and academia. The novel contribution of this paper is that it is among studies that have pioneered research on Blockchain-based tax system adoption for MNEs operating in developing countries.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive force that can transform various sectors, such as financial institutions, supply chain management, and healthcare, by bolstering transparency, traceability, and stakeholder trust. This research conducts a systematic review to investigate the role of blockchain technology in enhancing data security and privacy within information systems. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a thorough analysis of the existing literature sourced from five reputable academic databases (EBSCOhost, Scopus, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and the ACM Digital Library). The research delves into the capabilities of blockchain technology in information systems (IS) to strengthen the security and privacy of data. However, there is a notable gap in research focusing on the role of blockchain in enhancing data security and privacy. The solutions identified encompass the advantages of blockchain, such as transparency, traceability, immutability, scalability, and security within a decentralised ledger. This research contributes fresh insights into the potential of blockchain technology to enhance security and privacy within information systems, offering a foundation for further exploration and innovation.

This study examines the prospective integration of blockchain technologies to enhance operational transparency in the Iraqi banking sector. Despite the absence of actual blockchain deployment, the research adopts a foresight-driven, empirical approach combining literature analysis with survey data from 82 banking professionals. Results from statistical tests (including ANOVA and t-tests) reveal a generally low level of institutional awareness but a strong perceived potential for transparency improvement—especially when paired with a phased implementation model. Moreover, technological infrastructure and management attitudes were found to significantly mediate the adoption process. The study concludes with practical recommendations tailored to Iraq’s institutional realities and proposes a scalable roadmap for gradual blockchain adoption. These insights contribute to bridging the gap between technological potential and institutional readiness in developing economies.