International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies

<em>Dünyada sağlığın geliştirilmesi ve sağlık bilincinin oluşturulması için birey temelli uygulamalara odaklanılmış ve bu kapsamda sağlık okuryazarlığı (SO) kavramı gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. SO, bireylere kendi sağlık kararları ile ilgili doğru tercihlerde bulunma yetisinin kazandırılması yanında tıbbi bilgileri doğru anlama, yorumlama ve sağlığı ile ilgili uygun kararları verecek davranışlar geliştirmesinin sağlanmasını ifade etmektedir. Bireylerin demografik özellikleri, genetik faktörler, beslenme alışkanlıkları, hastalıkları yönetme şekli, sosyoekonomik özellikleri gibi pek çok faktör ile ilişkilendirilebilen sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyinin yetersizliği elde edilen bulgulara göre sağlık hizmetlerine tahsis edilen kaynakların aşırı ya da gerektiği gibi kullanılmamasına neden olmaktadır.Bu çalışma ile yetersiz SO’nın sağlık harcamalarına olan etkilerinin analiz edilmesi ve Türkiye (TR)’nin sağlık harcamaları içerisinde yetersiz SO’dan kaynaklanan mali yükün tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla Vernon ve Diğerlerinin (2007), Friedland (2002)’nin varsayımlarını kullanarak geliştirdiği maliyet tahmin modeli ile Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmet Çalışanları Sendikası tarafından 2014 yılında yayınlanan “Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Araştırması”nın verileri kullanılarak TR için yetersiz SO’nın tahmini maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır.</em>

This study aims to determine the influencing factors of the banks to join corporate social responsibility activities. Within this scope, annual data of 23 deposit banks in Turkey for the periods between 2005 and 2015 was taken into the consideration. In addition to this situation, panel probit model was used in the analysis so as to achieve this objective. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that there is a negative relationship between CSR activities and nonperforming loans ratio. This situation shows that banks do not prefer to make social responsibility activities in case of higher financial losses. In addition to this situation, it was also identified that there is a positive relationship between return on asset and corporate social responsibility activities of the banks. In other words, it can be understood that Turkish deposit banks, which have higher profitability, joint more CSR activities in comparison with others.

<p><em>The main purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the bank lending channel exist or not. Within this context, quarterly data of for the periods between 2002q1 and 2016q4 was taken into the consideration. Additionally, VAR model was used to reach the objective. According to the result of impulse response function, it was reached that</em><em> producer price index, real exchange rate and policy rate are effective determinants. Additionally, banks balance sheet has important and positive influence on total credits but industrial production index is regarded as partially effective. While considering this result, it was also found that both bank balance and macroeconomic variables used in this study is the main determinants of bank total credit.</em></p>

<p><em>In this study, we investigate factors affecting net interest margin (NIM) of commercial banks in Turkey. Especially, our results highlight the relation between unconventional monetary policy shocks and bank margins. To this end, first, we conduct an identification analysis about which parameters of asymmetric interest corridor framework are important in explaining variations in NIM. Using industry-level data, we show that there exists a pass through from BIST interbank overnight repo/reverse repo market rate and weighted average cost of funding (WACF) to bank loan and deposit rates. As a result of reduced-form Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis we find the existence of a transmission mechanism from BIST rate and WACF to commercial loan rate, consumer loan rate and deposit rate. Same pass through to loan and deposit rates is also shown in individual bank level with the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) analysis in the case of 16 commercial banks in Turkey during the period 2011Q1-2016Q1. After the identification analysis, we examine the relationship between NIM and policy rates through System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) techniques by controlling bank specific, industry related and macroeconomic factors. We find that a change in the monetary policy rate has significant and positive impact on NIM. Among bank-specific factors, equity ratio and operating expenses are found to be significantly affecting NIM during the sample period. Our empirical findings also stress the significance of lag values of NIM. Estimations conducted with standardized variables indicate that economic significance of lag values and bank specific variables are larger than that of policy.</em></p>

<em>Dünyada sağlığın geliştirilmesi ve sağlık bilincinin oluşturulması için birey temelli uygulamalara odaklanılmış ve bu kapsamda sağlık okuryazarlığı (SO) kavramı gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. SO, bireylere kendi sağlık kararları ile ilgili doğru tercihlerde bulunma yetisinin kazandırılması yanında tıbbi bilgileri doğru anlama, yorumlama ve sağlığı ile ilgili uygun kararları verecek davranışlar geliştirmesinin sağlanmasını ifade etmektedir. Bireylerin demografik özellikleri, genetik faktörler, beslenme alışkanlıkları, hastalıkları yönetme şekli, sosyoekonomik özellikleri gibi pek çok faktör ile ilişkilendirilebilen sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyinin yetersizliği elde edilen bulgulara göre sağlık hizmetlerine tahsis edilen kaynakların aşırı ya da gerektiği gibi kullanılmamasına neden olmaktadır.Bu çalışma ile yetersiz SO’nın sağlık harcamalarına olan etkilerinin analiz edilmesi ve Türkiye (TR)’nin sağlık harcamaları içerisinde yetersiz SO’dan kaynaklanan mali yükün tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla Vernon ve Diğerlerinin (2007), Friedland (2002)’nin varsayımlarını kullanarak geliştirdiği maliyet tahmin modeli ile Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmet Çalışanları Sendikası tarafından 2014 yılında yayınlanan “Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Araştırması”nın verileri kullanılarak TR için yetersiz SO’nın tahmini maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır.</em>

<p><em>The main purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the bank lending channel exist or not. Within this context, quarterly data of for the periods between 2002q1 and 2016q4 was taken into the consideration. Additionally, VAR model was used to reach the objective. According to the result of impulse response function, it was reached that</em><em> producer price index, real exchange rate and policy rate are effective determinants. Additionally, banks balance sheet has important and positive influence on total credits but industrial production index is regarded as partially effective. While considering this result, it was also found that both bank balance and macroeconomic variables used in this study is the main determinants of bank total credit.</em></p>

<p><em>In this study, we investigate factors affecting net interest margin (NIM) of commercial banks in Turkey. Especially, our results highlight the relation between unconventional monetary policy shocks and bank margins. To this end, first, we conduct an identification analysis about which parameters of asymmetric interest corridor framework are important in explaining variations in NIM. Using industry-level data, we show that there exists a pass through from BIST interbank overnight repo/reverse repo market rate and weighted average cost of funding (WACF) to bank loan and deposit rates. As a result of reduced-form Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis we find the existence of a transmission mechanism from BIST rate and WACF to commercial loan rate, consumer loan rate and deposit rate. Same pass through to loan and deposit rates is also shown in individual bank level with the Panel Vector Autoregression (Panel VAR) analysis in the case of 16 commercial banks in Turkey during the period 2011Q1-2016Q1. After the identification analysis, we examine the relationship between NIM and policy rates through System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) techniques by controlling bank specific, industry related and macroeconomic factors. We find that a change in the monetary policy rate has significant and positive impact on NIM. Among bank-specific factors, equity ratio and operating expenses are found to be significantly affecting NIM during the sample period. Our empirical findings also stress the significance of lag values of NIM. Estimations conducted with standardized variables indicate that economic significance of lag values and bank specific variables are larger than that of policy.</em></p>

This study aims to determine the influencing factors of the banks to join corporate social responsibility activities. Within this scope, annual data of 23 deposit banks in Turkey for the periods between 2005 and 2015 was taken into the consideration. In addition to this situation, panel probit model was used in the analysis so as to achieve this objective. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that there is a negative relationship between CSR activities and nonperforming loans ratio. This situation shows that banks do not prefer to make social responsibility activities in case of higher financial losses. In addition to this situation, it was also identified that there is a positive relationship between return on asset and corporate social responsibility activities of the banks. In other words, it can be understood that Turkish deposit banks, which have higher profitability, joint more CSR activities in comparison with others.