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In the context of rapid technological advancement and evolving financial ecosystems, this study investigates the interplay between financial literacy, digital finance, and financial behaviour among high school teachers in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. Structural equation modelling (SEM) approach was used to describe intricate relationships between latent constructs, namely, financial literacy, financial Behaviour and, digital finance Knowledge as well as observed variables (B7 to B22, C23 to C44, D45 to D56, demographics). Demographic variables include Gender, Age Category, Qualification Type, Teaching Duration, Financial Literacy Course and Field Employed. The model defined each construct as a linear combination of its observed variables as well as demographic variables under its measurement component, and hypothetical relationships among three latent variables under its structural component. We used Python software and machine learning code to create and estimate the model using observed data. The missing values in each observed variable were imputed with averages of the variables’ data. The tests of normality assumption for SEM were performed using histogram and q-q plots, Shapiro-Wilk test D'Agostino and Pearson's test.  Most data vectors violated the normality assumption. Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (DWLS) was used for parameter estimation as a suitable method that can provide better estimation for more complex models with many parameters. This method has an additional advantage of being less sensitive to outliers. The DWLS parameter estimation results, based on p-values, suggest that financial literacy and financial behaviour have a negative association which means that lacking financial behaviour results in financial literacy. A positive association between has been identified between financial behaviour and digital finance knowledge. Financial literacy and digital finance knowledge have a weak or no relationship. Thus, having or not having digital finance knowledge does not necessarily determine the possibility of experiencing financial literacy. Furthermore, among demographic variables, the financial literacy Course is the only demographic variable that has a significant impact, and only on Financial Behaviour and Financial literacy. The rest of the variables do not significantly influence the latent constructs. This study uniquely applies SEM using the DWLS estimator to explore personal finance dynamics in an emerging economy, offering concise insights into key relationships.

The literature reveals that have poor spending habits arising from poor budgeting skills and lack financial knowledge, among others. However, it is unclear which individual lifestyles and attitudes influence the students' spending habits. This study, therefore, fills this gap with empirical evidence from accounting students in South Africa. Specifically, the study aims to investigate the existence of relationships between socio-demographic, attitudinal and lifestyle factors on the one hand and students' spending behaviour, on the other. Using an online structured questionnaire, we collected data from 290 accounting students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, which was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The study finds that socio-demographic factors such as students' age and parental income have the greatest influence on students’ spending habits. Students' spending habits were also found to be influenced by attitudinal factors such as confidence in investment decision-making and shopping for necessities. Finally, it was observed that living an extravagant lifestyle, which includes purchasing branded clothing, compulsive shopping, the latest cell phones, and excessive alcohol purchases, were the primary cause of students' poor spending habits. These findings primarily support the social learning theory, implying that parents and/or guardians play an important role in shaping their children's spending habits.

This study investigates the relationship between financial literacy and financial well-being among youth entrepreneurs in Tanzania, focusing on the mediating role of financial behaviour. Drawing on human capital theory and behavioural economics, this study employed a cross-sectional design and collected data from a sample of youth entrepreneurs using structured questionnaires in selected urban areas in Tanzania. Data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to assess both direct and indirect relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that financial literacy significantly and positively affects financial well-being, underscoring the foundational role of financial knowledge in enhancing economic decision making. Furthermore, financial literacy significantly influenced financial behaviour, and financial behaviour partially mediated the relationship between financial literacy and financial well-being. These results suggest that while financial knowledge is critical, it is the consistent application of this knowledge through daily financial practices, such as budgeting, saving, and debt management that ultimately leads to improved financial outcomes. This study contributes to the growing literature on financial capability and entrepreneurial sustainability in developing economies and supports the advancement of Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 1, SDG 4.4, and SDG 8. These findings have important implications for policymakers, educators, and development partners aiming to enhance youth financial empowerment through integrated financial education and behaviour-focused intervention.

This paper investigated the financial management practices among Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the Thulamela Local Municipality using a qualitative approach. The research focused on a sample of forty-eight respondents from the informal sector, which was deemed representative of the SMME landscape.  Interviews were conducted with SMME owners, guided by an interview framework, and recorded for transcription and thematic analysis. Findings revealed that competition is perceived as the primary cause of business failures; however, inadequate financial management emerged as a significant underlying issue. The study emphasizes the urgent need for intervention from government, banks, and academic institutions to offer financial management training and improve access to funding for SMMEs. Recommended actions include the establishment of workshops and seminars designed to enhance financial literacy among business owners. Such training would provide them with essential accounting and budgeting skills, ultimately enabling them to meet loan requirements from financial institutions and reducing the risk of cash flow issues and business failure.

This study investigates the impact of financial literacy, financial inclusion, and financial behavior on the performance of micro-businesses in Sikka Regency, Indonesia, in light of the persistent challenges faced by micro-business operators, including limited financial knowledge, restricted access to financial services and poor financial management practices. The research objective is to examine the relationships among these financial factors and their influence on micro-business performance, introducing financial behavior as a moderating variable to provide deeper insights into its role. The study employs a quantitative research approach, utilizing a survey method with a structured questionnaire. The sample was determined using the Slovin formula with a 5% margin of error, resulting in a final sample size of 346 micro businesses drawn from a population of 2,536 micro businesses through five cooperatives. The results indicate that financial literacy has a significant positive effect on micro business performance, financial inclusion significantly enhances micro business performance, financial behavior plays a crucial role in improving micro business performance, financial literacy positively influences financial inclusion, financial inclusion mediates the relationship between financial literacy and micro business performance, and financial behavior moderates the relationship between financial literacy and micro business performance. This study contributes to the literature by confirming the necessity for integrated financial literacy and behavior training programs to enhance the sustainability of micro businesses.

Financial literacy is a critical factor that significantly impacts the success and achievement of small and medium enterprises' (SMEs) objectives. Unfortunately, many SMEs struggle with inadequate financial literacy, which hinders their ability to make informed decisions, manage resources effectively and drive growth. This knowledge gap can lead to poor financial planning, inefficient resource allocation and a lack of resilience, ultimately threatening the long-term sustainability of these businesses. By prioritising financial literacy, SMEs can enhance their capacity to develop realistic financial projections and budgets. This study investigated the level of financial literacy among small and medium enterprises (SMEs), examining both their knowledge and practical applications of financial concepts. Additionally, the research explored the correlation between SMEs' financial literacy and their socio-demographic characteristics, such as business size, industry, owner's age, education, and experience. A quantitative research approach was employed to achieve the study's objectives and primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey administered to a sample of 105 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in the uMgungundlovu District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23, leveraging both descriptive and inferential statistics to extract insights and meaning from the data. The findings of this study indicate that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the uMgungundlovu District exhibit low levels of financial knowledge and practice. Notably, the research revealed significant positive correlations between financial knowledge and various factors, including: age, qualifications, number of employees and annual turnover. A positive relationship was also established between financial practice and annual turnover. This study recommends that stakeholders, for instance, government agencies and banks should organise financial education programmes that invest in improving financial practices of small and medium enterprises. It is also recommended that small and medium enterprises pursue short courses in basic accounting to improve their knowledge base.

This study sought to examine the correlation between the financial literacy of small business proprietors and the performance of their enterprises in the northern region of Tshwane Ga-Rankuwa.  The research utilised a quantitative methodology, employing a standardised questionnaire distributed to small business owners.  A quantitative methodology underpinned the study's aims in examining a potential association between financial literacy and business performance.  Data were examined via STATA/small enterprise, version 17.  Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted to analyse the distribution of study participants and their financial literacy.  Multiple linear regression evaluated the relationships between predictor factors (socio-demographic characteristics and financial literacy) and return on assets.  The small firms reported low to moderate profits and elevated returns on assets (ROA).  Substantial correlations are present among family size, income level, and ROA, contesting the assumptions that education and experience are predictors of performance.  Financial performance exhibits good connections with financial literacy and access to financing; nevertheless, the minor associations with knowledge and attitude highlight crucial dimensions of performance.  Small firms must to seek methods to enhance profitability and invest in financial literacy.  Authorities ought to enhance access to funding for small firms and should evaluate the relevance and quality of education concerning its contribution to financial literacy.  The research demonstrated the significant influence of financial literacy and access on forecasting financial performance.  Nonetheless, the correlation between financial literacy, attitudes, and actual financial results was less pronounced than anticipated.

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of financial literacy and lifestyle on financial behavior. This type of research is explanatory research using a quantitative approach method. The sampling technique uses probability sampling with the proportionate stratified random sampling method with a sample size of 395 people. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS tools. The results of this research show that financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on the financial behavior of generation Z. Lifestyle has a negative and significant effect on the financial behavior of generation Z. Financial literacy and lifestyle simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on the financial behavior of generation Z in Sawahan District, Surabaya City. The results of this study suggest that generation Z must have qualified financial literacy and have a healthy lifestyle in order to form good financial management so that generation Z has an awareness of the importance of doing good financial planning as early as possible to achieve financial well-being.

That are many factors that can influence country's economic growth. Given its important contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and job creation, it is necessary to further study what factors can affect the existence and the performance of SMEs. This study aims to analyze the effect of financial literacy and the use of financial technology on the performance of SMEs mediated by financial inclusion. The data was collected using purposive sampling technique by distributing questionnaire. The sample of this study consists of 150 culinary SME actors in Malang City that have used QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesia Standards) application as one of the payment methods. Collected data was analyzed using PLS software. The results showed that there is a significant influence between financial literacy and the use of financial technology on business performance. Financial inclusion can significantly mediate the effect of financial literacy and the use of financial technology on business performance.

Fraud is a thorn in the flesh of many organizations in both local and global business ecosystems, more so in the financial sector because of the liquid nature of their services. To curb this menace, Financial Institutions including Microfinance institutions implemented fraud risk management practices. While larger financial institutions afford raft measures for curbing fraud, MFIs contend with less sophisticated practices in spite of them being the most susceptible to financial improprieties. Further, the determination of the overall effect of these practices on financial performance is critical in evaluating their success. The objective of this study therefore was to find out how fraud risk management practices affect the financial performance of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya. The study was anchored on the fraud management life cycle theory and focused on twelve deposit-taking Microfinance Institutions that were in operation in the Nairobi region of Kenya between 2016 to 2020. The study adopted a descriptive research design using cross-sectional data computed from the average financial results for five years 2016-2020. The study used purposive and stratified Random sampling methods to select a sample of 281 respondents from finance, ICT, operations, Audit, and Litigation managers and staff. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data. The results showed that fraud risk management positively and significantly affected financial performance by curbing incidents of fraud and concluded that to improve financial performance microfinance institutions should implement fraud risk management since they had a positive and significant effect on financial performance. The study recommended that firms should invest substantially in fraud risk management to reduce incidences of fraud and improve financial performance. Further, the management of Microfinance Institutions should continually evaluate and update their practices to keep abreast with the ever-changing fraud antics.

This research aims to reveal the budgeting accounting practices of the Jaton Community in Gorontalo, especially in Reksonegoro village during the Eid Ketupat celebration. Ethnomethodology is used by researchers as a research method to explore and study how humans perceive and carry out daily activities in social reality. The results of the research concluded that the Jaton Family's budgeting accounting practices during Eid Ketupat celebrations were carried out in three ways: (1) estimating the budget based on previous year's expenditure, (2) estimating the budget based on the frequency of the number of guests, and (3) estimating the budget based on nominal savings. In optimizing the budget, it is revealed that there is a role for household accounting in it. Matombol-tombolan (mutual cooperation) household accounting practices are reflected in (a) the mutual cooperation attitude between husband and wife in combining income, (b) the mutual cooperation attitude between family members in preparing the ketupat tradition so that it can be carried out efficiently and effectively, and (c) the attitude of mutual cooperation between neighbors of the Jaton community to cover each other's shortcomings during the ketupat tradition. The values that underlie accounting practices carried out in the Ketupat celebration tradition are: Amanah (Trustworthy), Maslahah, Adil (Fair) and Loyal; which can be shortened into a word namely; AMAL (Charity).

This study aims to examine the accounting practices of micro businesses engaged in convection at the Islamic Boarding School, named Aba Collection. This study uses ethnomethodology with the qualitative approach as a research method because it has its own points in understanding empirically. Ethnomethodology is an empirical study that studies how humans capture and perform daily activities in social reality. The results of this study found that accounting does exist and is considered important in the Aba Collection. Applied accounting is using simple accounting in its own way. The presence of simple accounting is carried out based on religious values, namely sustenance, sincerity, and alms. These values are implemented in simple accounting practices with the belief and faith of the business owner.  The finding of this study suggests that Local governments should also pay more attention to providing training on accounting practices to produce financial statements tailored to the needs and business conditions classified as Micro businesses in Tulungagung Regency.

This study aims to analyze and investigate the impact of income, financial knowledge, financial stress, COVID-19 omicron awareness, and behavior on financial satisfaction. This study uses explanatory research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study was all students with a study status still enrolled in the master of management program at Brawijaya University from 2018–2022, totaling around 353 students. The sampling technique used in the study was purposive sampling. The sample in the study was 79 students. Surveys and documentation were used to collect data, and Likert scales were used to test instruments. The structural equation model of partial least squares (SEM-PLS) modeling was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that income and financial knowledge can directly increase financial satisfaction. However, financial stress and COVID-19 omicron awareness have no effect on financial satisfaction. On the other hand, financial behavior can increase financial satisfaction. Financial behavior can fully mediate the influence relationship between financial stress and COVID-19 omicron awareness on financial satisfaction. Financial behavior is also discovered to play a role as a partial mediator in the relationship between the effect of income and financial knowledge on financial satisfaction at the individual level. The findings of this study suggest that students should improve their habits in carrying out the proper financial management, such as planning, increasing assets through saving and investing activities, and minimizing living costs through controlling spending activities, in order to meet all needs and avoid financial problems in the future, which will have an impact on achieving high financial satisfaction.      

This study aims to analyze how the internal control system of merchandise inventory that has been running so far and should be carried out by PT. Hokkian Anugerah Karya Abadi Banjarmasin, the method used in this study is descriptive qualitative, the population of this study is all employees of PT. Hokkian Anugerah Karya Abadi Banjarmasin, totaling 89 people and a sample of 4 people consisting of leaders/managers, admin staff, warehouse staff and accounting staff, data collection techniques were obtained from observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the internal control system for merchandise inventory at PT. Hokkian Anugerah Karya Abadi Banjarmasin still had weaknesses in the components of the internal control system related to control and monitoring activities, and elements of the internal control system in the authority system and recording procedures, healthy work implementation. and quality employees who are still not optimal, this affects the difference in the amount of physical stock of merchandise inventory in the warehouse with the company's computer programmed.

This study aims to determine the effect of financial literacy and information technology knowledge on the motivation of the millennial generation to invest in shares on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The population in this study are millennial investors who have joined two securities companies on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, namely Mirae Aset Sekuritas and Phintraco Sekuritas. Determination of the number of samples using purposive sampling method, namely only those willing to fill out a questionnaire distributed online, and the results obtained are 44 samples. The analytical tool used in this research is Multiple Linear Regression analysis. The study results show that: 1) Financial literacy significantly affects millennial motivation to invest in shares on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The higher their financial literacy, the more motivated they are to invest in stocks; 2) Knowledge of information technology has no significant effect on millennial motivation to invest in shares on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, and 3) Simultaneously, the investment motivation variable can be explained by the financial literacy and information technology knowledge variables by 58%. In contrast, the remaining 42% can be explained by other variables not included in this study.

This study aims to analyze the urgency of applying integrated financial and tax reports for MSME actors, using a cost and benefit analysis approach. The data used in this study is primary data. This study distributed questionnaires to 109 MSMEs in Indonesia. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive qualitative research methods. The results show that respondents' perceptions of MSMEs' benefits of using financial statements and taxes will be greater than the costs. Therefore, recommendations for making integrated financial and tax reporting applications can be urgently applied among MSMEs. Besides, the benefit analysis results with the most significant score is that MSMEs can make financial and tax reports on time. The application can find out the latest conditions of developments. Meanwhile, in terms of costs, the application requires quite a lot of expenses due to the use of the internet and the initial expenditure for purchasing mobile phones, applications if it is paid and other costs.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are economic actors that are more able to stand firmly compared to large companies when an economic crisis occurs. SAK–EMKM is the Financial Accounting Standard for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. This study aims to determine the preparedness of MSMEs to implement SAK-EMKM. The qualitative method was used by collecting the data using observation, interview, and direct documentation of the MSME actors as the object of the research. The sampling technique used was the purposive sampling method. The research sample was MSMEs that had been operating for more than one year and were located in Sungai Bangkong Village of Pontianak City. The results of the study show that the MSMEs in Sungai Bangkong Village of Pontianak City was not aware of SAK-EMKM. Their method of accounting recording was not based on the accrual basis, but they have implemented the concept of business entity management and had adequately capable human resources.

Digitalization in Indonesia has entered a new phase, the development of technology that makes several services run more efficiently and more flexible. Digital services that are quite complex are financial services such as electronic payment systems. Currently, the payment system is able to increase the overall satisfaction of the individual. This study examines the role of using an electronic payment system and the determinants of individual financial satisfaction as a whole. This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to test hypotheses regarding financial satisfaction. The results of this study prove that financial capability is able to increase financial satisfaction. However, different results show that the use of an electronic payment system does not affect financial satisfaction. This finding can expand the literature review on digital awareness, satisfaction and behavior in addressing individual financial satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to determine and study how much influence the sales accounting information system, accounting information system cash receipts on the effectiveness of control of accounts receivable. The population in this study is limited, namely employees of PT Megah Kayu Industri Bandung. The sampling technique was 30 respondents. Data collection techniques used primary and secondary data with the help of SPSS version 20. For windows. From the test results, it can be concluded that the credit sales accounting information system, the cash receipt accounting information system have a partial and joint effect on the effectiveness of controlling accounts.

This study aims to analyze the management accounting system, internal control of credit sales and accounts receivable collections in bakery industry. The novelty of this paper is to find out the results of bakery industy by considering a specific topic of financial issues. Every company has a role in the provision of credit problems but one of the most efficient ways for increasing sales is the provision of credit. However, basically credit sales have considerable customer risks who are not supposed to pay on accounts or customer who are not willing to pay for some reasons. To minimize these risks regarding the provision of credit, the company manager must be careful in selecting prospective customer before approving credit sales. This bakery industry is a company engaged in production and sales of bread and pastries. Based on research conducted by the author, the author asked the question whether the procedure of credit sales of accounts receivable collection has implemented internal control or not. The research method used is a library at the research field. Based on the result of this study, it concluded that the company sales of the applicable credit are in considerable amount, but the accounts receivable collection still has a few weaknesses which allow overdue customers to proceed the purchase orders. It is preferably to customers who have an overdue to be given limitation in ordering goods.