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The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of indirect investment on the performance of real estate in Nairobi County Kenya. The independent variables for indirect investment were: investment trusts, exchange-traded funds, commingled funds, and infrastructure funds. The dependent variable was the performance of real estate in Nairobi County Kenya. Secondary data was collected from the real estate’s online sources and some from the company offices and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were determined. The study was only able to collect secondary data from 45 real estate companies out of the target population of 69 registered by KPDA in 2015 as it was hard to get data of the rest either from online sources or from the company offices. With the aid of STATA 12.0 software and Excel software, quantitative results were tabulated and presented in the form of charts, bar graphs, and narratives. The study found an existing relationship between the performance of the real estate sector and the Investment Trust Fund, the Exchange Trust Fund, the Commingled Fund, Infrastructure Fund. The study concludes that most of the coefficients were significant. The study also concludes that there is a relationship between the performance of the real estate sector and the Investment Trust Fund, Exchange Trust Fund, Commingled Fund, Infrastructure Fund when these components are considered together, they affect Performance.

Though it is called corporate social responsibility (CSR), it is the people in the organization particularly, top managers who develop and get implemented corporate social policies. Organization behavior is the reflection of their top managers. However, exploration of the role of top managers in spreading CSR in the organization is scant in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of top managers’ CSR perceptions on firm-level CSR in Ethiopia. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 294 executive managers of four sectors, namely textile, food, bank, and floriculture industries. Multiple hierarchical regression and process macro 3.3 were employed to analyze the data with the aid of SPSS. The analysis reveals that top managers’ CSR perception is a significant predictor of firm-level CSR behaviors. The result also shows that corporate ethical culture fully mediates the relationship between top managers’ CSR perception and organization CSR. Moreover, transformational leadership has a moderating effect between the direct top managers’ CSR perception and firm-level CSR relationship.

This study attempts to clarify and evaluate the factors that impact on cotton sector production in Cameroon and differentiate producers `behavior. A description of producers ‘behaviour is made in order to identify their main characteristics, which should shed light on the relationships between cotton textile production , the main producers` characteristics price and non-price variables. An inventory of ongoing sectoral agricultural policies is presented and suggestions are made for formulating alternative policies. The next section presents both a review of agricultural policies and the cotton sector in Cameroon. The third and fourth sections are literature review and cotton belt while the fifth presents the methodology. Discussion and interpretation of the empirical findings is followed by the conclusion and policy recommendations.

Practitioners and academics have been perplexed over the years by low efficiency and bad performance in construction projects. Several critical factors have been uncovered by previous studies which are governance mechanism, task conflict and opportunism. But an obvious question arises how the mechanism of governance in the presence of conflict can mitigate opportunism. The overarching objective of this study is therefore to create a model to study the effectiveness of these mechanisms of governance in the presence of task conflict. This paper is based on a positivist study philosophy in which a quantitative deductive method was used to collect data from 139 participants. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) through SmartPLS3.The research findings show that relational governance affects project efficiency considerably and is helpful in decreasing opportunism and conflict. In addition, there is proof that opportunistic behavior will increase the task conflict among parties but both task conflict and opportunism doesn’t have direct impact on the performance of project

Numerous studies have addressed the different context of mHealth services among diverse user groups. But due to a lack of understanding the insight of factors affecting the mHealth adoption, it’s crucial need to conduct a systematic review on this issue. The objective of this study was to synthesize the present understanding of the influential factors of mHealth adoption. We performed a systematic literature search on eight electronically reputed scientific databases from 2010 to March 2019, such as Science Direct, Springer, IEEE Xplore, JMIR, Taylor & Francis, Emerald, Mary Ann Liebert and Google Scholar. This was accomplished by gathering data including authors, countries, years, target population, sample size, models/theories, and key influential factors. Primarily, a total of 2969 potentially relatable papers were found, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. It was found that cross-sectional approach, survey methods and structural equation modeling (SEM) were the most explored research methodologies whereas PLS-SEM was found to be the largest used analysis tools. From the analysis, a total of ninety-four influential factors were clearly recognized and the findings represent that the following 15 factors appeared most recurrently and significantly; perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social-influence, subjective norms, self-efficacy, trust, facilitating conditions, technology anxiety, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, cost, attitude, resistance to change, perceived privacy and security, and perceived behavioral control. The research results have significant theoretical and practical implications for mHealth services providers, researchers and policy makers with regards to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) allied to healthcare.

Knowledge management is one of the most important strategic resources of the firm which has been ascertained to many organizations to acquire and apply it before their competitor for achieving competitive advantages. Similarly, due to rising environmental awareness among customers, governments, NGOs, and researchers, firms are facing increasing pressure to implement environmental management practices in their operations. The purpose of this paper is to identify the influence of knowledge management capability (KMC) on green supply chain management (GSCM) practices adoption of the manufacturing firm and subsequently the impact on firm performance. The data were collected from 262 Bangladeshi textile manufacturing firms and analyzed using structural equation modeling, typifying that exploratory and quantitative research. Drawing upon the resource-based view the study revealed that KMC has a significant positive effect on internal and external-GSCM practices adoption. Further, the study revealed that internal-GSCM practices have significantly positive effects on both economic and environmental performance while the external-GSCM practice has positive environmental performance but negatively affects economic performance. Finally, this study indicates that KMC is an intuitive resource of a firm that can bring sustainable performance through GSCM practices.

Climate change is a reality and, it affects the lives of poor and vulnerable people in developing countries like Bangladesh. In order to improve the livelihoods of vulnerable people, it is urgent to set up a link between environmental policy implementation and poverty reduction. In this article, a natural resource management research approach is suggested. It consists of two steps (1) Identifying the extents related to environmental sustainability and, (2) The role of the areas to the income generation process. Descriptive research design is used to achieve the objectives, and for the purpose of the research primary data is collected from 201 respondents in South-West coastal zone of Bangladesh with the help of a closed-ended questionnaire. The authors analyzed the data with the help of IBM SPSS-21 and, found that environmental sustainability is one of the most important precondition for economic development at the coastal zone in Bangladesh delta. It also found that the income generation process of the local people is significantly influenced by the environmental sustainability.

Preceding researchers have tended to focus on the negative aspect of the perceived overqualification and its inadequacy in the organization. We offer an alternative perspective and postulate that perceived overqualification could influence employees’ behavior through an interactive mechanism. We propose that relational skill abilities, in the form of job autonomy of overqualified employees, determine their tendency to experience interpersonal influences, and, thus engage in helping behavior with devastating work deviance behavior. Data were collected from 20 multinational companies in China through a survey of 500 participants. Structural equation modeling was used for the analysis of data. The results indicate that perceived overqualification has a strong indirect impact via interpersonal influence on the helping behavior and workplace deviance behavior, and increase the helping behavior and decrease the workplace deviance behavior at the working environment. Further, outcomes concluded that job autonomy and prosocial motivation have a significant moderating role and increase the employers helping behavior and deteriorations their Workplace deviance behavior.

Status is an important circumstance for  People’s subjective “well-being, self-esteem, and mental and physical health”. The paper aimed to test how leader status stimulates the quality of employee job performance in the organization. We argue that in spite of the benefits of having low-status distance who be faced with a comparable loss of status individuals experience more “self-threat” and hence status is threatened tend to engage in disruptive behavior to deliberately inflicts others through actions such as disapproving and acting unkindly. consequently, when the leader -Team member relationship is worse less perception of leader provided less performance of team members and relatively more perception offered to better performance of employees. We investigated these assumptions involving 240 employees (N = 240). Our findings help to explain why leaders sometimes challenge others who present an immediate threat to their status. As such, we extend theorizing on the power distance, organizational bureaucracy, and leader-member exchange. Results from survey study show a curvilinear relationship between status distance and team member job performance, these detectings offer an empirical basis and theoretical inspiration to consider status distance as a critical variable in the possessions of status differences on interpersonal dynamics. Importantly, this work also offers an applicable and timely viewpoint for managers debating the cost and benefits of various hierarchical alignment in organizations.

Despite the theoretical foundation that links Transformational leadership (TFL) with innovation behavior, previous studies have overlooked on Transformational leadership and innovation behavior at the individual level relationship but paid less attention to how transformational leadership qualities of top leaders would advance innovative work behavior within the organizational setting. To date, the impact of Transformational leadership at a top executive level on employee’s innovative work behavior (IWB) within an organizational setting has not been dealt with in-depth. However, using transformational leadership theory, this study uncovers the pivotal role of innovation culture (IC) and managerial innovation (MI) in the relationship between CEO transformational leadership and employee’s innovation behavior in SMEs. A cross-sectional design with a total of 434 employees from 24 SMEs operating from Rwanda was analyzed using structural equation modeling to evaluate the relationship between the variables developed in the study. The findings of this study support our hypothesized model.

Individuals at the workplace have a lasting interest in how others perceive them and a core desire for others to assert and verify their salient work-related identities. Internal identity asymmetry is encountered when an individual feels misidentified; when they think their work-related identities are not recognized by their peers. This article based on previous literature about women leadership and their experience of Internal Identity at the workplace. Although there is no concrete theory to explain this concept accordingly in this article, we attempt to investigate the concept of internal identity asymmetry with related theories combined. Subsequently, we addressed how women get misidentified and deduce the consequences of experiences of Internal Identity Asymmetry at the workplace. The current study is a conceptual paper and therefore, contributes freshness to this existing literature by integrating the concept of internal Identity asymmetry and women leadership thus, the model can be empirically tested in future research.

Intense competition has in many markets decreased the prospects for differentiation in terms of technology and product/service quality. For this reason, CSR becomes an important attribute that can enhance a company's image. To win customers' loyalty in today's markets, companies have to focus on building and sustaining customer loyalty. Nowadays, organizations looking forward to achieving a sustainable competitive improvement based on focusing on a customer-oriented concept which will lead to customer satisfaction, trust and finally to customer loyalty. In this regard, CSR has become a valuable tool. This research, therefore, aims to investigate the direct effect of CSR on customer loyalty by observing the intervening influence of Perceived service quality and trust. In this research, it is proved CSR aspects namely business practice CSR which is related to primary stakeholders, such as customers and employees, and philanthropic CSR, which is related to secondary stakeholders, such as the community has a positive and significant effect on the customer loyalty. Moreover, perceived service quality and trust also serve as an intervener between CSR and Loyalty. Data collected from account holders of three main banks in Kenya. Structural equation modeling is examined by using PLS software. The findings of this study would help scholars in developing more CSR based loyalty models. These findings can also aid the service industry such as commercial banks in Kenya to better incorporate CSR initiatives in their strategic planning process

This study attempted to establish the relationship between vendor characteristics and relationship quality on consumer B2B E-commerce in Yemen. E-commerce is gaining a lot of attention, especially in the Arabian world, as such we formulated and tested a model to explain B2C user repurchase intentions from the perspective of relationship quality. The model was empirically tested through a survey conducted in Yemen. Results showed that online relationship quality and perceived website usability positively impacted customer repurchase intention. Moreover, online relationship quality was positively influenced by perceived vendor expertise in order fulfillment, perceived vendor reputation, and perceived website usability. Trust in vendor behavior predominantly influenced online relationship quality and subsequent purchase intention. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Supervisory transformational leadership behavior is attracting a widespread interest due to its fundamental quality that spurs subordinate confidence and optimism in the workplace. Although, despite the mounting evidence that links transformational leadership to different organizational and individual innovative outcomes, it is not yet been documented whether transformational leadership (TFL) can strengthen employee’s creative performance behavior in the workplace. Recently, Successful entrepreneurs thrive under competitive pressures in today’s high customer sensitivity to quality and innovative services. Hence, it's now clear that workplace creativity would be a potential solution for driving business success today. Although, the vital role of supervisory transformational leadership behavior in enhancing creative performance behavior of employees has not been dealt with in depth. However, the present paper aims to validate the potential and possible relationship between supervisory transformational leadership style and employee’s creative performance behavior in the workplace. To prove or disprove the assumptions underlined in this study, a cross-sectional research design, was conducted using data from 14 commercial banks operating in Rwanda (412 of total respondents). A variety of methods and tools were employed to examine the relationship between the variables hypothesized in this study. We conducted CFA in SEM-Amos, mean and standard deviation using SPSS and also Hayes macro process to measure the possible effect of each variable in this model. The overall results support our hypothesized model.  In this regard, we believe that we have obtained comprehensive results proving and validating the usefulness of our hypothetical model.

The purpose of this paper is to present a science-based narrative of the impact of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) on the supply chains of the major commodities of Liberia. Scientific literatures from appropriate journals, newspapers, trade data of applicable ministries and governmental agencies, data on Ebola from websites of World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC), World Bank, the International Monetary Funds (IMF) and other relevant institutions are used extensively while also employing a market chain approach to represent the overall supply chains of these products. The review reveals, among others, the significant disruption to the flow of goods and the decrease in output of the main export commodities of Liberia. It also shows a fall in the real GDP growth rate of the Mano River Basin (MRB) countries during the Ebola years. The paper identifies that the specific mechanisms through which the supply chains were disrupted were as a result of fear and government’s regulation. Additionally, it provides a practical conduit for the diversification of the rubber industry. Given the complex web of supply chains of just a single product, this effort is in no way an exhaustive review on the impact of the EVD on supply chains of commodities dealt with herein, let alone the overall impact of EVD on the country as a whole. Obviously, this review is also limited in terms of scope and extent. This review is a useful introduction to investigators who might want to commit to research in this particular aspect of the impact of the EVD vis-a-vis its impact on supply chains in Liberia or on a broader level, the MRB Countries.

The purpose of this study is "Designing an excellent service model on Population and Civil Registration Service in the city of Metro ". The conclusions obtained from this study are (1) Problems in excellent service at Population and Civil Registration Service in the city of Metro based on their nature are divided into two types, which is uncontrolled (missed) and which is controlled (difficult). Uncontrolled problems are problems that should not need to exist, but they appear as an unavoidable problem whereas problems that are controlled are problems whose level of difficulty can be controlled. (2). The focus of service in population administration services in an institutional model emphasizes speed and convenience and does not pay attention to the simplicity of requirements and so to improve its quality it is necessary to pay attention to safety factors. (3) There are still many brokers in the services of the city of Metro Population and Civil Registration Service due to lack of supervision from the relevant agencies, not yet clear the application of Procedure Service Standards as well as the lack of socialization to the public about the service rates and service procedures.