Explore publications.

Population growth at the household level increases pressure on water and land resources. This study examined the impact of household population growth on water and land resource depletion in Limpopo Province of South Africa, using a desktop research approach with secondary data from academic journals, government reports, and relevant policy documents. The findings show that as household population size increases, the demand for water and land also rises, leading to overuse, environmental degradation, soil erosion, pollution, and reduced availability of these resources. The study also found that low use of family planning and contraceptives contributes to faster household growth and unsustainable resource use, threatening ecosystem services and food security. Using the lens of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory, the study highlighted that improving access to family planning and reproductive health education could help manage household population growth and reduce pressure on natural resources. The study concluded that household population growth negatively affected water and land resources in Limpopo Province and recommended promoting family planning programs, sustainable development practices, effective resource management, and stronger local government involvement in planning and policy implementation to ensure environmental sustainability.

This article explores the portrayal of corruption and moral decay in selected Xitsonga protest poetry, focusing on Ngobeni K.J.'s "Xana i vuphorisa ke?"  and Khosa M.A.'s "Hi lo yini hina?". The study investigates how figurative language, particularly proverbs, metaphors, and rhetorical devices, functions not only as a literary technique but also as a social critique drawing on the context theory of meaning, which emphasizes how linguistic expressions derive their meaning from sociocultural and historical contexts in which they are used, the analysis demonstrates how the poets encode complex critiques of institutional decay into culturally resonant language. The study employs a qualitative research design using content analysis to identify and interpret themes of corruption in policing and religion. The findings reveal that both ports present corruption not simply as an act of individual moral failure but as a systemic issue rooted in nepotism, bribery, and spiritual manipulation. Ultimately, the article argues that protest poetry in indigenous languages serves as a powerful tool for moral reflection and civic engagement in contemporary South African society. 

Gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognised as a serious human rights issue; however, the experiences of male victims remain largely overlooked and underreported. This study explores the silent and often ignored reality of GBV against men within the Polokwane Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. While dominant narratives frequently position GBV as violence perpetrated by men against women, this research sheds light on the growing, yet muted, phenomenon of male victimisation. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered from ten purposively selected participants through semi-structured interviews, including an in-depth session with a key informant. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the findings. The study reveals that male victims frequently suffer psychological abuse, emotional neglect, and social isolation. Deeply entrenched gender norms, societal expectations of masculinity, and fear of stigma significantly hinder men from seeking help. Furthermore, a lack of targeted support services and a predominant focus of existing GBV frameworks on women and children leaves male survivors marginalised. This research emphasises the need for inclusive and gender-sensitive interventions, including awareness campaigns to challenge stereotypes and the development of support systems responsive to male experiences. By highlighting these gaps, the study contributes to a broader and more equitable understanding of GBV, advocating for policies that support all survivors, regardless of gender.

South Africa’s economy is heavily reliant on coal-fired power, which contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; hence, it embraced the Just Energy Transition (JET) to realise a low-carbon economy. This ignited the emergence of competing discourses constituted of proponents of coal and advocates of renewable energy. Transforming a deeply entrenched coal-dependent energy system to renewables is not a straightforward endeavour. Thus, the JET in South Africa faces several obstacles, including political interference, financial constraints, high costs of renewables, and resistance from labour unions, among others. Coal proponents are resisting the JET under contestations that phasing coal out presents various socio-economic implications towards coal-dependent industries, communities, livelihoods and jobs, especially in provinces such as Mpumalanga and Limpopo. While renewable energy proponents are driven by the ambition to reduce GHG emissions, responding to climate change, with the promise of green industries and jobs. Through a systematic literature review, the paper examines competing discourses of the JET in the pursuit of harmonising them. The paper argues that it is important for South Africa to transition, however, not with precipitous haste. The paper recommends that the JET needs to be well-sequenced and judicious to foster energy diversification and readiness, rather than rapidly abandoning coal. This narrows the gap between the two competing discourses, protects energy security and socio-economic stability. The recommendations put forth include policy coherence, multilevel coordination, investments in storage systems, and means such as re-skilling labourers from the coal industry into the renewable energy sector to realise a genuinely just transition. 

The online media coverage often serves as the primary source of information for the public regarding their everyday lives, correctional centres included, even though these institutions are isolated from the general public. Nevertheless, the individual’s perceptions are largely influenced by online media portrayals of correctional centres. Using the non-empirical research design: Systematic review, with the objective of t exploring the portrayal of South African female prison (correctional centre) life through the use of ‘News24 and YouTube online media platforms,’ aided by ‘eNews Channel Africa (eNCA), Newzroom Afrika, South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) News and Crime Watch.’ This study employed qualitative research approach. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted to analyse the purposively selected studies, supported by the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) to identify, code, and interpret recurring study themes and patterns from this subject. The study findings indicate that the online media platforms construct a dualistic image of female prison (correctional centre) life, often oscillating between depictions of brutality and too lenient, resulting in mixed perceptions which may complicates the public's understanding of female incarceration. It is recommended that the online media organisations should strengthen ethical standards relating to the coverage of correctional centres and inmates, including avoiding dehumanising descriptions that can stigmatise incarcerated women and deter reintegration.

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals have increasingly become politicised in Africa in recent years. The prevalent notion that Africa is "homophobic" conceals a significant array of political dynamics around LGBT rights across the continent. Numerous studies indicate that the politicisation of LGBT life in Africa distorts their experiences and fails to encapsulate the intricacies of African sexuality. This study aimed to investigate sexual orientation from an Afrocentric perspective. This study specifically examined how black bisexual women managed and negotiated their sexual wants and orientation. The researchers utilised an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) study design, requiring document analysis and comprehensive interviews for data collection. The research indicated that planning and strategy facilitated participants in identifying ways to reveal their sexual orientation. Bisexual women must disclose their orientation despite being in a hostile environment, driven by their pursuit of pleasure and autonomy. The writers advocate for a post-colonial reevaluation and reimagining to rethink and reclaim African cultural practices and beliefs that correspond with an Afrocentric perspective on sexuality.

The relationship between election results and economic development remains a contentious debate in various contexts, including academia. The article assesses the effects of national election results on economic development in South Africa. Election results can affect economic development and good governance through good policies implementation after elections. This article employs the qualitative method to review scholarly journals, books, government programmes, reports and policies for its data collection and analysis. The findings reveal that elections can improve economic policy by increasing government accountability. Hence, it is recommended that, the government implement inclusive economic policies focusing on job creation, skills development, and empowerment of marginalised groups to ensure broad-based economic growth and social stability. Overall, election results can yield positive effects on economic development depending on policy development and implementation, the firmness and strength of the political environment, and the responsiveness of markets and institutions. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for anticipating economic trends and making informed decisions on economic growth

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) occupies a central position in the maintenance of international peace and the adjudication of disputes between states. Yet, its authority often collides with the enduring principle of state sovereignty, creating a persistent tension that shapes its effectiveness and legitimacy. This paper critically interrogates this delicate balance,examining how sovereignty constrains the ICJ’s jurisdiction, influences its decision-making, and undermines the enforcement of its judgments. Using an interpretive methodology grounded in Critical Legal Studies, International Relations Theory, and Postcolonial Theory, the study analyses treaties, case law, and scholarly commentary to explore the Court’s structural and political limitations, particularly in cases involving powerful states. The findings reveal systemic challenges (including the absence of compulsory jurisdiction, selective compliance, and political resistance) that weaken the ICJ’s authority. The paper concludes by proposing normative and institutional reforms aimed at enhancing state compliance and reinforcing the Court’s credibility and relevance within the international legal order. In doing so, it contributes to the broader discourse on global justice and the future of international adjudication amid enduring concerns over state sovereignty.

The apartheid regime in South Africa enforced policies of ethnic classification and segregation, most notably through the establishment of tribal designations that aimed to divide the Bantu-speaking populations into separate homelands. These policies fostered deep-rooted ethnic tensions, resource conflicts, and political fragmentation that continue to influence South African society today. While apartheid officially ended in 1994, its legacy persists, especially in the form of ongoing tribal disputes, political party alignments, and competition for scarce resources. This study investigates how the apartheid-era tribal classification system has contributed to contemporary ethnic division, focusing on its impact on national unity, political polarization, and economic inequality. It explores the way these historical divisions persist in political party identification such as the geopolitical origins of political parties often dictate their tribal affiliation and the resulting fragmentation of the national political landscape. Additionally, the study examines how tribalism continues to affect cultural industries, where artists and entertainers often find themselves confined by tribal boundaries rather than celebrating a unified South African identity. Drawing on theories of social identity and post-colonial nationalism, this paper aims to provide insights into the importance of addressing these historical divisions through dialogue, reconciliation, and inclusive nation-building. The goal is to highlight strategies for overcoming tribalism and fostering a cohesive national identity that transcends historical divisions and promotes peace and unity.

South Africa’s G20 Presidency in 2025 occurs at a time when global inequality, sovereign debt distress, and development financing gaps continue to restrict progress in the Global South, especially in Africa. This study examines how South Africa seeks to take advantage of its middle-power status and presidential agenda to advance African developmental priorities within the G20 framework. Using qualitative analysis of desk-based content and discourse of the G20 Leaders’ Declarations, Sherpa track documents, DIRCO policy statements, and related official communications, the document assesses both the formulation and acceptance of South Africa’s key policy positions. The findings indicate that South Africa has been effective in agenda-setting particularly in securing recognition of the need for fairer restructuring of sovereign debt, climate finance, and reforms of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). However, its efforts face structural resistance from advanced economies, limiting the extent to which these priorities translate into substantive changes in global financial governance or binding commitments on development financing. The study argues that to overcome these constraints, future Global South presidencies should adopt coordinated coalition-building strategies with the African Union (AU), BRICS+ and MDBs. Such alliances can strengthen negotiating power, ensure continuity across summits, and help move the G20 from rhetorical acknowledgement toward tangible systemic reforms that better serve vulnerable African economies.

Domestic violence remains a pervasive social and criminological challenge in South Africa, particularly in rural and semi-rural communities where structural inequalities, patriarchal norms and limited institutional support heighten women’s vulnerability. While domestic violence research has traditionally positioned women as victims, emerging evidence indicates that some female survivors transition into perpetrators. This qualitative study, conducted in the Seshego policing area of Limpopo Province, investigates the contributory factors underpinning this transition. Using purposive and snowball sampling, data were collected from the Twelve (25) women who had moved from victimhood to perpetration, five subject-matter experts, and ten decided domestic violence case files. The data were analysed thematically to uncover the intersecting personal, relational, socio-economic and cultural forces that shape this trajectory. Guided by Trauma Theory, Strain Theory, Feminist Theory and Social Learning Theory, the study develops a Conceptual Criminological Model that illustrates how unresolved psychological trauma, coercive control, economic dependency, patriarchal ideologies and intergenerational exposure to violence converge to influence women’s pathways into reactive or defensive offending. The findings reveal that women’s violent actions are rarely premeditated; rather, they often emerge from accumulated trauma, persistent institutional failures, limited access to support services and constrained agency within oppressive environments and this study highlights critical gaps in policing responses, justice-system implementation, economic opportunities and trauma-informed care in rural contexts such as Seshego. It recommends multi-sectoral interventions including strengthened legal enforcement, community-based awareness programmes, culturally sensitive prevention strategies, trauma-informed psychosocial services and economic empowerment initiatives aimed at reducing women’s dependency on abusive partners. By centring women’s lived experiences and examining the structural conditions that shape their actions, this research contributes to criminological scholarship and supports the development of holistic, context-specific strategies to prevent domestic violence and break cycles of intergenerational harm in South Africa.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a critical issue in South African universities, affecting students' access to safe and quality education. Despite universities’ reputations for inclusivity, societal expectations have made them less welcoming, and GBV cases continue to rise with insufficient policy enforcement. This study was motivated by the rising cases of GBV in South African universities. Drawing on social norms’ theory, the study aimed to identify the drivers, effects, and potential mitigation strategies for addressing GBV. The goal was to build a stronger basis for improving policies and creating safer, more inclusive university environments. A qualitative approach was used to gather secondary data from various sources, including journal articles, books, government documents, and news reports. The literature revealed that GBV in South African and other universities has sparked frequent protests centred on issues of sexual, physical, and emotional violence. Moreover, it was also highlighted that many students refrained from reporting GBV incidents due to concerns about stigma and the impact on their careers, with victims often facing anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms, which further impeded their participation in university life and restricted their educational opportunities. This study concluded that GBV restricted students' access to quality education and, if unaddressed, might lead to declining university enrolment. Thus, it recommended collaboration between universities, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and families to tackle GBV and called for a review of policies to improve enforcement and provide better protection for students.  

Substance abuse remains a critical global issue with profound social and economic implications, including poverty, crime, unemployment, and chronic health conditions. In marginalised communities across Africa, substance use, and relapse pose persistent challenges, particularly among youth. Despite the availability of rehabilitation services, relapse rates remain high due to various psychosocial and structural factors. This study investigated the underlying causes of relapse among service users who have undergone substance abuse treatment in Kwaggafontein, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Employing a qualitative research method, data were collected through in-depth interviews with service users and social workers from rehabilitation centres (SANCA). The findings revealed that relapse is primarily driven by persistent drug cravings, emotional distress, peer influence, and limited developmental opportunities. These results underscore the urgent need for comprehensive relapse prevention strategies, including community-based education, aftercare programs, life skills development, and sustained emotional and psychological support for substance services users. The study further recommends incorporating stress management techniques such as mindfulness, assertiveness training, and the creation of strong support networks, facilitated by social workers, to enhance long-term recovery outcomes

Entrepreneurship has become a vital force for economic development and innovation in the 21st century. Higher education institutions are pivotal in preparing students to succeed in this dynamic landscape by nurturing entrepreneurial skills and mindsets. This systematically reviewed the 23 empirical studies from databases between 2014 and 2024 to explore the imperative role of higher education in fostering entrepreneurship. It examines the evolving demands of the global economy, emphasising the need for individuals equipped with the creativity, resilience, and adaptability characteristic of successful entrepreneurs. The research findings highlight the pivotal role of higher education in fostering entrepreneurial skills and mindsets. Key findings include adopting interdisciplinary curriculum design and integrating business, technology, and creative fields to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship. The findings reveal that Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are critical in promoting entrepreneurial skills and mindsets. They can achieve this by driving entrepreneurial growth, providing practical learning opportunities, promoting cross-disciplinary and collaborative learning, and addressing challenges in entrepreneurship education. To fully realise this potential, a comprehensive approach is needed, including changes to the curriculum, development of academics, institutional support, and community involvement. This will enable HEIs to produce competent, knowledgeable graduates who drive innovation and economic development. Experiential learning opportunities such as internships and startup incubators significantly nurture entrepreneurial mindsets by offering real-world experiences and enhancing problem-solving skills. The study emphasises the importance of entrepreneurial ecosystems within higher education institutions, promoting collaboration and innovation through partnerships with various stakeholders.

Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) have historically served as the primary mental healthcare providers in culturally rich communities, particularly in contexts where healing intersects with spirituality and collective experience. In regions like Bushbuckridge, many people suffering from mental illness relies on THPs due to their accessibility, affordability, and deep alignment with local belief systems. This widespread reliance, however, highlights a critical research and service delivery gap: while essential, traditional healing practices often operate without the benefit of biomedical validation and carry inherent potential risks associated with unregulated treatments. This study addresses this gap by exploring the specific ways THPs in South Africa manage mental illness. This paper is Grounded in Afrocentric theory, the research adopts a qualitative exploratory approach, utilizing desk-based analysis to synthesize and critique secondary sources. Findings confirm that the pervasive use of traditional medicine is driven by local socioeconomic factors and strong cultural beliefs. Crucially, traditional healing is viewed not as an inferior alternative, but as a culturally resonant and effective treatment method. The implications of this study are significant: to bridge the divide between perceived cultural effectiveness and biomedical necessity, it is strongly recommended that Traditional Health Practitioners and Western-trained doctors pursue collaborative integration to safely and comprehensively address the growing number of mental health challenges in these communities.