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Worldwide, startup businesses are essential for any country's economic development. Despite the rapid growth of start-ups, their likelihood of success and viability remain low. This trend is more observed in developing countries due to the low uptake of business incubation services such as Kenya. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of networking services, physical incubation, and management mentoring on the growth of start-ups in Kenya. The study was based on the social network theory, the theory of the firm, the stochastic theory and the trait theory of entrepreneurship. A cross-sectional research design was used. A sample size of 227 respondents was selected from a total population of 567 respondents using proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed with multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS. The finding of the study indicated that there was a positive and significant effect between networking services, physical incubation infrastructure and management mentoring and growth of startups. The study suggests that startups should join associations like the Associations of Startups and SME Enablers of Kenya and the Association of Countrywide Innovation Hubs to access incubation infrastructure. This will allow access to investor networks, civil society programs, and government agencies, accelerating business growth. Additionally, business incubators can partner with universities for specialized research in areas like health, agriculture, and climate change through the triple helix model.

The study explores the impact of entrepreneurial passion on process innovation and firm performance, based on self-efficacy theory. Relevant hypotheses were proposed, and the promotion mechanism of entrepreneurial passion on process innovation and enterprise performance was analyzed. A survey of 150 Kenyan firm owners/managers was conducted, and the results showed that process innovation has a significant positive effect on performance. Entrepreneurial passion is a significant moderator of the relationship between process innovation and performance, with firms with higher levels of passion achieving greater performance from implementing process innovation. This suggests that entrepreneurial passion can guide entrepreneurial persistence and promote enterprise performance by stimulating positive emotions and creativity. The study suggests that effective management of process innovation can enhance performance and encourage more entrepreneurial behavior in competitive business environments.

The unavailability of resources has often been stated as one of the main limitations for SMEs’ growth in developing countries. The aim of this study is to address how the position of limited resources impacts the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs in developing countries and their business performances. For this purpose, a conceptual framework has been created, delivering six theoretical propositions aiming to test the impact of limited resources on SMEs’ courage for exploring new opportunities and taking risks, promoting innovation, act proactively on the market, and set autonomy and competitive aggressiveness as standards in their operations.  Derived propositions have been elaborated by applying a multiple-case research strategy. Six companies from the private healthcare sector in North Macedonia have participated in the research and contributed to the same with a valuable set of data. Study results have indicated relatively low threats from the limited resources to the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions and the business's success correspondingly. Businesses have mainly been financed through their own resources and bank loans, and in some cases through grants as a result of collaboration with innovative and other SMEs supporting funds. Nevertheless, despite the unenthusiastic level of available resources, entrepreneurs have shown courage to take risks, initiate innovation and act proactively in the private healthcare market.

Technological developments and innovation create challenges for businesses to develop sustainable innovations in the light of global shifts in social, environmental and economic conditions in order to advance or maintain their position. Digital startups are an alternative for businesses to create value, and in the long term improve a country's economy. Entrepreneurial ecosystem theory is widely used to research digital startup ecosystems, but the factors in the model have not been tested quantitatively in terms of their effect on productive entrepreneurship. This study is a quantitative study by embarrassingly distributing the survey to 120 respondents who are founders and C-level at digital start-ups in Indonesia. Regression analysis using SPSS was carried out to see the correlation between variables. The results of this study explain that networking, leadership, finance, human resources and knowledge have an influence on productive entrepreneurship in the startup and digital ecosystem in Indonesia.

The activities of social enterprises have been neglected despite the efforts of the government, individuals, and other supportive agencies. Much of this neglect could be attributed to the failure to adopt suitable business model/entrepreneurial marketing (EM) models that address the many challenges these enterprises face. This paper aims to evaluate extant literature and models on EM to propose a new and comprehensive model for social enterprises. In this pursuit, a background literature review on EM was conducted in several peer-reviewed journals. Eight core dimensions were adapted from existing models: social innovativeness, social proactiveness, socially calculated risk-taking, social resources leveraging, social customer intensity, social value creation, social market sense, and social alliance. Based on these dimensions, a new and all-inclusive model of SEM is proposed. This paper concludes that applying these EM dimensions to social enterprises would significantly promote innovative and sustainable success.

Worldwide, unemployment is a challenging aspect that faces most of the graduate students. Based on that, students in colleges and universities currently, are clearly aware that they have to engage in self-employment through entrepreneurship. Moreover, the establishment of innovation hubs during collaging has propounded to help upbringings different entrepreneurial and creativity treats among students. Apart from performing incubation of the business ideas, the innovation hubs could be a free innovative centre where students, stakeholders, lecturers, and alumnae meet, work, and collaborate on the range of innovative augmented ideas to stimulate entrepreneur intention.  Colleges and universities do not have a proper plan to expose students to practical business environments while studying. Therefore, through mixed research design, this study entails to design and develop a participatory contextual model that will enhance the College of Business Education to establish a free space as the innovation hub for incubating talents, entrepreneurial ideas and research focused on solution-based for students and lecturers. A total of 132 respondents consisting of 20 instructors; 100 students and 12 entrepreneurial practitioners were involved in this study. Data was collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and documentary review. The obtained data were analysed through descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. Based on the findings, it is evident that establishing an incubation and innovation hub within the CBE community is necessary. The findings provide valuable insights into the participants' perceptions and highlight various aspects that should be considered during establishing and implementing the hub. Moreover, the findings stipulate that the incubation and innovation hub should incorporate the prototype environment that includes mindset change programmes, regular training, internship programmes, effective incubation practices, strong mentorship and coaching programmes, and a clear exit strategy that can enhance the entrepreneurial skills and capabilities of incubates

This study aims to analyze the role of entrepreneurship education in mediating the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. The sample is the students at the Assalam Islamic Boarding School, Pasuruan Regency, consisting of 104 respondents. Questionnaires were distributed via google form as direct data collection from respondents. Then the data were analyzed using the partial least square structural equation model (SEM-PLS), which was then used to answer the research hypothesis. The results of the study show that directly entrepreneurial orientation is not able to increase interest in entrepreneurship. However, self-efficacy can increase interest in entrepreneurship. Furthermore, entrepreneurship education succeeded in mediating the influence between entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on students' entrepreneurial interest in entrepreneurship.

As one of the essential elements of the country's current economic development, Indonesia's government still supports entrepreneurial endeavors. Young entrepreneurs can only be developed with the help of universities. Students' entrepreneurial attitudes are anticipated to be shaped through the practical entrepreneurship program. As a foundation for student preparation to engage in entrepreneurial activity, this study investigates entrepreneurial intention. Students' entrepreneurial intents in Jakarta will be compared to three factors, including attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, that are based on the Theory Planned of Behavior. Purposive sampling was used to sample 120 students. Through the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), variance-based SEM was employed to analyze the data. All variables are reliable and legitimate, according to the test results. The study's key conclusions show that while subjective norms have a minimal impact on entrepreneurial intention, attitude and perceived behavioral control have a positive and considerable impact. Entrepreneurial intent is also recognized to have a favorable and significant impact on readiness to launch a firm. The study's findings could be incorporated into entrepreneurship curricula at colleges to help the government's attempts to accomplish development objectives through entrepreneurial endeavors.

Entrepreneurial support, its determinants, its articulation, and its actors are always analyzed from both processual and emergent perspectives. Because a certain level of coherence must be maintained, public structures that are perceived as not opting for a process/emergence mix in their support systems are not hostile to using it when the context permits it and when the person receiving support accepts to be at the center of the design of his or her support. Literature reveals that a compromise between these two approaches has neither been established nor, as far as we are aware, exhaustively investigated. This research sought to highlight the processual nature of both the form and substance of entrepreneurial support. To achieve this, we administered a qualitative survey to 21 Tunisian business proprietors. The results indicate that in the Tunisian context, accompaniment is structurally processual and superimposed on an entrepreneurial process that both the accompaniers and the accompanied co-pilot in order to maintain coherence and complementarity during the training of the accompanied in the trade of entrepreneur. In addition, coaching is fundamentally and intrinsically emergent because it is geared toward endogenous action, co-constructed, and contextualized due to the prominence of personalized learning needs and the coachee's situational framework in relation to the enterprise he or she must establish.

Entrepreneurship is crucial for both growing the economy and decreasing the crushing effects of poverty and unemployment. Consequently, higher education institutions have a critical role to play in inculcating entrepreneurial skills in students who may find it challenging to gain employment. This research examined the impact of socio-demographic variables (age, gender, level of study, academic discipline, race and nationality) on entrepreneurship intention. A descriptive quantitative research design was adopted to collect data from a simple random sample of 332 higher education students. This study's findings show no significant difference amongst the respondents in terms of gender, age, race and entrepreneurial intention. On the other hand, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the respondents' nationality, academic discipline, level of study and entrepreneurship intention. Therefore, higher education institutions should pay attention to the demographics of students to avoid prejudices and to have targeted interventions that will arouse their interest in entrepreneurship. The findings of this study could assist institutional managers and policy-makers in putting in place strategies that could help higher education students actively participate in entrepreneurial activities on campus and treat entrepreneurship as an alternative career.

Entrepreneurship is an innovative and creative process that can add value to products, create job opportunities, raise productivity, revitalize, and diversify markets, improve social welfare, and, more broadly, develop the economy. Entrepreneurship education encourages the founding of new businesses by students and alums and equips them with critical decision-making skills that enhance the success of graduates in the job market. That is why we seek to develop better entrepreneurs. Part of that is raising their intentions to start a business; another is making their intentions more realistic. To do both requires a deeper, richer understanding, and analysis of an entrepreneurial implementation intention in vocational education students is essential. In this study, researchers want to know what variables affect Entrepreneurial Implementation Intention in vocational education students at Universitas Padjadjaran. The results of this study found that Entrepreneurial Knowledge affects the main determinant of this research to encourage the increase of Entrepreneurial Implementation Intention.

An entrepreneurship ecosystem entails a community of practice that displays the characteristics of creativity and innovation, risk-taking, a strategist, and an active participant in identifying opportunities and making decisions among others in the organization. The ecosystem can be key when Higher Education Institutions are engaged in the transformation process of commercialization. The paper intends to explore whether an entrepreneurship ecosystem can stimulate the commercialization of the research process in a sustainable way. The qualitative thematic review methodology is employed to achieve this aim. The commercialization process is viewed in an entrepreneurship ecosystem by looking at the entrepreneurial institutions, stakeholders involved, and the sustainable business model. It is recommended that adopting an entrepreneurial ecosystem for commercialization of research in Higher Education Institutions can play a crucial role in building their structures to be economically active; addressing graduate unemployment; providing recovery strategies to reboot businesses in communities, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic; and position themselves as entrepreneurial institutions.

This study explored the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship behaviors among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and employees’ competencies. The area of the study was Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana. The study was a cross-sectional survey design with a concurrent triangulation mixed methods approach. The study's sample size was 440 subjects, made up of 400 employees and 40 owners/managers of SMEs in the Metropolis. The employees and owners/managers were selected using random and purposive sampling techniques. The quantitative data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, while the qualitative data were analyzed manually using a thematic approach. The study revealed that both employees and owners/managers of SMEs in the Metropolis perceived the operational attributes, processes, or conditions within the firms and the external business environment that affects the firms and the staff in favorable terms. Also, employees of the various SMEs are given a meaningful opportunity to acquire, develop and nurture higher-level characteristics encompassing personality traits, skills, and knowledge, which can be seen as the real ability of the entrepreneur to perform a job successfully. It was recommended that owners/managers of the firms ensure an attractive and conducive climate for intrapreneurial behavior within their firms by encouraging their employees to believe in their abilities and always try something new. Employees could also be encouraged to be confident in their ability to handle and solve problems creatively. This behavior will go a long way to help the firms grow and become competitive.

Over the years, governments in Ghana have provided various stimulus packages for local entrepreneurs to rejuvenate and expand their businesses while setting up new companies. The question is, how talented are the youth in entrepreneurship? This paper sought to review the extant literature on the impact of skill acquisition on entrepreneurship development and progress in Ghana. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was used to search for relevant journal articles from Scopus, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar search engines. The search criteria were limited to journal articles with the keywords “skill acquisition”, “entrepreneurship,” and entrepreneurship development” from 1970 to 2020. Using the SLR technique, a total of 45 articles were identified, and 21 were relevant to the research focus. The review identified that skill acquisition significantly influences entrepreneurship development. It is recommended that entrepreneurship skill acquisition should be integrated in the Ghanaian education system right from the elementary level. Again, tertiary institutions in Ghana should have entrepreneurial centers for practical sessions.

Kenya’s Startup ecosystem has experienced tremendous growth over the last ten years. Further, Kenya’s startups have also been among the top-funded in the continent during the same period – attracting financing of between USD 300 million – over USD 3 billion. However, there is currently a lack of granular data guiding policies on the startup ecosystem in Kenya. Hence this Paper traces startup successes and pitfalls of the Ten years (2010-2020) Period in Kenya. The study utilized cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. The target population was start-ups registered in the 47 Counties in Kenya. A total of 104 startups participated in the study. A mix of sampling techniques was used, namely cluster-stage, systematic, purposive, and snow-balling sampling techniques, to select the respondents for the study. Data were analyzed using Content analysis descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The findings indicated that startup innovation hubs emerged in Nairobi in 2010 but offer time, which spurred the mushrooming of startups, seats, and co-working spaces with decentralization to significant towns in the country. The Kenyan startup ecosystem has experienced tremendous growth for the last two decades, growing from 10% in the 2000-2010 to 80% in 2010-2020. However, access to financing remains the biggest challenge for startups because of the risk associated with it, especially for early-stage startups. To strengthen the growth of the startup ecosystem, the government, through the statement of Kenya National Innovation Agency, should ensure the development of policies tailored towards startups. The national government should provide matching funds and establish an Inter-county collaboration framework to ensure skills transfer within and among the counties.

Entrepreneurial orientation (ENO), social network ties (SOT) and market intelligence generation (MIT) are independently modeled as distinct antecedents of entrepreneurial intention (EIN). However, the intervening variables for such models are typically under-explored in their applicability to university students in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the present study argues that ENO impacts EIN, primarily explained by SOT and MIT. Using cross-sectional data gathered from university students in Ghana, a sub-Saharan African country, our findings reveal that ENO has both direct and indirect relationships with EIN. Thus, this relationship is mainly mediated when students build and develop social network ties (SOT) instead of gathering marketing intelligence (MIT).

This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in South Africa, specifically in the Gauteng province. The study adopted a qualitative research approach by making use of semi-structured interviews with 15 female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in the Gauteng province. A non-probability sampling approach was adopted by means of convenience sampling. Data was analysed through thematic content analysis, using Atlas.ti.  Findings from the study indicated that female entrepreneurs in the learner transport industry face several challenges such as high operational costs, a male-dominated industry, being disrespected or undermined by customers, a lack of trust and commitment, being belittled, as well as a lack of opportunity awareness. Participants also indicated a need for government intervention in the industry due to prevailing working conditions. The findings of the study contribute both to the industry, as well as the existing body of knowledge. The findings from the study will assist the national government to collaborate with regional governmental transport agencies, as well as with regional industry associations in an effort to improve the working environment for female entrepreneurs, as well as grow the learner transport industry in a more structured and regulated manner. The industry, despite being regulated by regional transport associations, is currently unstructured.

This paper aims to develop a critical approach to the conceptualization of start-ups in emerging markets from a Kenyan perspective. This study used a theoretical route to conceptualize start-ups in emerging markets like Kenya. From the findings, it is important to note that the conceptualization of start-up is based on western concepts and might be flawed and poorly applicable to businesses in Kenya. Hence in the Kenyan context, a start-up should be viewed as an innovative business entity, which is scalable and has survived up to 3-5 years. To support the growth of the start-up ecosystem in Kenya, policymakers should promote start-ups through the formation of relevant legislation and provide incentives that stimulate their survival and growth. The study has brought out some interesting findings which can generate more debate. The study used an exploratory research design which is not conclusive in nature therefore future research should consider using a research design that is conclusive in nature and robust.

The study aimed to examine the effect of family business background and entrepreneurial education background on the business intention of the fourth-year students. To deepen the understanding of the topic and to establish the theories of the study, literature was reviewed. It used a descriptive correlational research design. The population of the study was the fourth-year students and total enumeration was applied. The results of the study indicate that family business and entrepreneurial education background are correlated significantly with the business intention of the students. It further found that students who have a family business background and entrepreneurial education background have higher business intention compared to those who have no both.

Entrepreneurs play pivotal roles that affect the economy. These roles are job creation, wealth generation, economic growth, and innovation. According to WorldBank data, they account for around 90% of enterprises and more than half of all jobs in the globe. In emerging economies, formal SMEs account for up to 40% of national income (GDP). The prolonged effects of the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in job losses have encouraged even the Filipino Generation Z to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This supports various studies conducted by research firms recently that 54% of Generation Z wanted to start their own business venture. Thus, this research aims to determine the influence of entrepreneurial attitude, social valuation, entrepreneurial skills, and entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial intention.  There were 110 Generation Z respondents who answered the adopted survey questionnaire. The researchers were able to secure permission from the original author to use the research instrument. The research utilized a quantitative research design primarily descriptive-correlational. The data were processed using regression analysis to test the relationship of variables.  The regression results preceded the acceptance of the 4 hypotheses which means that entrepreneurial attitude, social valuation, entrepreneurial skills, and entrepreneurial knowledge significantly influence entrepreneurial intention.  The results will be considerably useful to academics to promote entrepreneurship from high school to college level, to future entrepreneurs in identifying the factors that influence entrepreneurial intention, to the government and its regulators for policy development, and to researchers who plan to expand the literature on the entrepreneurial mind.