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As a means of seeking more effective ways to curb the unemployment levels in Sub-Saharan countries, governments are beginning to include the development of the manufacturing sector in their country's strategies, and Lesotho is not an exception. This paper aims to determine the role of various institutional and individual factors which when present and collaborating in an entrepreneurial ecosystem can contribute to the successful growth of MSMEs operating in the manufacturing sector. This paper is also aimed at developing a conceptual framework suitable for the growth of these MSMEs in Lesotho by linking concepts of industrial and entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study utilised a qualitative exploratory research approach and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. In total, 12 candidates from government, financial, and educational institutions as well as the media were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The main findings of the study demonstrate that a suitable ecosystem for MSMEs in the manufacturing sector in a country such as Lesotho should consist of policies and regulations that support and encourage financial institutions to assist MSMEs. Government regulated media institutions disseminate regular information relating to existing policies, regulations, and opportunities and educational institutions provide adequate skills and knowledge to enhance an individual’s entrepreneurial alertness, creativity, and innovativeness. An inclusive ecosystem for MSMEs in the manufacturing sector in Lesotho should also involve the collaboration of MSMEs with larger firms and the establishment of independent regulated quality assurance institutions to assure the quality of products and increase customer confidence.

This study explores the obstacles and opportunities for women who sell arts and crafts along the borders of the Kruger National Park in Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. The Kruger National Park is one of South Africa's most famous symbols, both nationally and internationally. Women who stay along the borders of the Kruger National Park have also harnessed tapping into the tourism sector by trading in arts and crafts because tourists purchase them as souvenirs. Women dominate the craft industry because of fewer barriers to entry as they normally use traditional skills to create crafts. South African women in the informal sector are said to be significantly contributing to the Gross Domestic Product of the country. A qualitative research design utilising a Case study was used to explore the obstacles and opportunities for women who trade in arts and crafts in the tourism industry around the Kruger National Park. Data was collected through semi-structured interview schedules from thirty (30) women who sell arts and crafts from the Kruger National Park gates in Mpumalanga Province. Data was then summarised to capture emerging themes as well as opinions, attitudes and perceptions. The key findings reveal that women face various challenges, mainly in terms of (i) lack of access to finance, (ii) low literacy levels (iii) lack of access to infrastructure and (iv) Poor marketing skills and access to markets.

Chemistry is a field of study that teaches students critical skills in producing day-to-day products ranging from detergents, cosmetics, energy components and supplies for treating water. The majority of chemistry students seek formal employment after completing their studies, which helps to explain the increased incidence of unemployed South African graduates. This occurrence is more apparent in the Eastern Cape where there are very few chemistry industries with such employment opportunities. However, having an entrepreneurial mindset can lead to students venturing into business during or after their studies. Student businesses not only benefit the student but the community with accessible personalized solutions to their problems, institutions with reputation, creating a circular economy and possibly employment of others. Hence, this study aims to evaluate whether the offered entrepreneurship education to chemistry students stimulates an entrepreneurial mindset. The paper employed the qualitative narrative literature review methodology and the connectivism learning theory to achieve the set aim. Explored themes in realizing the aim are graduate attributes, science-based entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial mindset. The key findings are that science-based entrepreneurship education lacks the embedment of fundamental chemistry that creates familiarity with the concept and subsequent relatability with the course content. The connectivism learning theory supports the link between familiarity and new learning opportunities whereby, in this case, an entrepreneurial mindset can be stimulated. The study proposes that entrepreneurship education for chemistry students must include chemistry-related case studies and a participatory practical approach as a co-curricula. The co-curricula aspect will involve opportunities to start a real business on campus during the semester in which the course is offered.

This discursive study explores the attempt to create feasible job creations for young graduates from various higher education institutions across South Africa. A systematic review of various literature sources on the phenomenon argues that entrepreneurship education can create and develop in students creative and innovative, business initiatives, risk-taking, strategic business minds, appropriate decision-making, and opportunities in diverse entrepreneurship activities, after graduation. The integration of entrepreneurship education into higher education across South African Higher Education will boost national economic development. The existing Department of Higher Education's initiative of Entrepreneurship Development into the country's Higher Education requires assessment and repositioning for effective approaches that can actualize the objectives of the initiative. The study recommends the need for universities' managements to re-strategise and connect theory with practical, in diverse significant collaborations with various private businesses, government institutions, and Non-Governmental Organisations.

Firms are driven to maximize profits, requiring specialized techniques to improve performance. Firms can handle chaotic conditions by acting strategically. Global studies show high early-stage SME death rates. Hospitality studies have not examined how lean-green methods boost performance and competitiveness. Lean-green methods affect the entrepreneurial spirit and performance of medium-sized hotels in Kenyan cities. The paper relies on discovery and dynamic capability theory. The article used mixed-methods, concurrent triangulation, and pragmatic philosophy. 534 medium hotel managers in Mombasa, Nairobi, and Kisumu were studied, and 229 were sampled using stratified random sampling. Data was collected by questionnaire and saved in MS Excel for case-variable screening and cleaning. SPSS 22 was used for data analysis. Pearson's correlation and regression models analyzed quantitative data. In Kenyan cities, entrepreneurial attitude positively affects medium hotel performance (=.775, t = 17.499, p.05). Lean-green synergy positively impacted performance (? =.527, t = 12.497, p ?.05) and moderated the connection between entrepreneurial mentality and business performance. The study found that lean-green techniques boost performance. Lean-green production strategies are recommended by the study. These findings benefit hotel entrepreneurs, managers, academia, and legislators. The study proposes studying other industries besides hospitality to see whether comparable findings are found.

The research assesses the challenges deterring the progress of women’s small-scale businesses in Rwanda. It was guided by the following specific objectives: identify challenges faced by women’s small-scale businesses in Rwanda and assess how those challenges affect women’s small-scale businesses' progress. Findings were collected from 109 respondents who have been running small-scale businesses over a period ranging from one to three years. Results were collected through a questionnaire and desk review and quantitatively analyzed. The findings shed light on the challenges which small-scale women entrepreneurs face namely family expenses (53.2%), drunkenness (67%), family conflicts (93.6%), financial illiteracy (100%), and poverty (100%). The above-mentioned challenges affect small-scale businesses in that women entrepreneurs find themselves mixing up businesses and family expenses. Family conflicts were also highlighted to be another cause of business failure in that women who conflict with their husbands cannot easily prosper in their businesses. In addition, financial illiteracy makes them unable to assess their profit and find their businesses stagnant or closing. Thus, there is a need to provide support to small-scale businesswomen about how to assess business progress, and calculate their interest rate so that they may come up with financial skills. This would enable them to align their daily family expenses with their business interest. Once properly implemented, it would decrease the business failure rate.

Despite being acknowledged as the primary catalyst for economic development, entrepreneurship in emerging markets contends with multiple constraints. The availability of unexploited business opportunities certainly raises the entrepreneurial potential of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Entrepreneurial orientation strategy strongly supports SMEs to improve their position in the market by instilling the courage to explore new prospects and take risks, promote innovation, act proactively on the market, and establish autonomy and competitive aggressiveness as norms in their operations. This research focuses on the entrepreneurial orientation approach as a key firm-level phenomenon and its influence on business performance in emerging markets. More specifically, the study elaborates on SMEs’ risk-taking, innovativeness, pro-activeness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness under the moderating influence of unexploited opportunities. A multiple-case study technique was used to develop the five propositions generated from the conceptual framework of the study. Six companies operating in the private healthcare sector in North Macedonia actively participated in the research, contributing a substantial body of data. According to the study findings, the unexploited opportunities have a reasonably large effect on SMEs’ entrepreneurial orientation activities and corresponding performance. Nonetheless, despite the hostile entrepreneurial environment, SMEs have demonstrated boldness in taking risks, initiating innovation, and continuity in taking proactive actions in the private healthcare industry.

This paper examines the correlation between originality and success within entrepreneurial teams operating in Tunisia. In order to achieve this objective, it is imperative to emphasize the factors that impact the effectiveness of entrepreneurial teams. Previous research has elucidated the notion of creativity within entrepreneurial teams through the examination of trust and information sharing among team members, as well as the influence of the industry in which the team operates. This article posits that there exists an assumption regarding the positive impact of creativity on the performance of entrepreneurial teams. This assumption forms the basis for the reciprocal link between these two variables. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial team innovation on performance outcomes. The objective of this study was to conduct an empirical examination of the relationship between creativity and performance within entrepreneurial teams, with the purpose of determining if this relationship is unidirectional, recursive, or perhaps simultaneous.

Worldwide, startup businesses are essential for any country's economic development. Despite the rapid growth of start-ups, their likelihood of success and viability remain low. This trend is more observed in developing countries due to the low uptake of business incubation services such as Kenya. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of networking services, physical incubation, and management mentoring on the growth of start-ups in Kenya. The study was based on the social network theory, the theory of the firm, the stochastic theory and the trait theory of entrepreneurship. A cross-sectional research design was used. A sample size of 227 respondents was selected from a total population of 567 respondents using proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed with multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS. The finding of the study indicated that there was a positive and significant effect between networking services, physical incubation infrastructure and management mentoring and growth of startups. The study suggests that startups should join associations like the Associations of Startups and SME Enablers of Kenya and the Association of Countrywide Innovation Hubs to access incubation infrastructure. This will allow access to investor networks, civil society programs, and government agencies, accelerating business growth. Additionally, business incubators can partner with universities for specialized research in areas like health, agriculture, and climate change through the triple helix model.

The study explores the impact of entrepreneurial passion on process innovation and firm performance, based on self-efficacy theory. Relevant hypotheses were proposed, and the promotion mechanism of entrepreneurial passion on process innovation and enterprise performance was analyzed. A survey of 150 Kenyan firm owners/managers was conducted, and the results showed that process innovation has a significant positive effect on performance. Entrepreneurial passion is a significant moderator of the relationship between process innovation and performance, with firms with higher levels of passion achieving greater performance from implementing process innovation. This suggests that entrepreneurial passion can guide entrepreneurial persistence and promote enterprise performance by stimulating positive emotions and creativity. The study suggests that effective management of process innovation can enhance performance and encourage more entrepreneurial behavior in competitive business environments.

The unavailability of resources has often been stated as one of the main limitations for SMEs’ growth in developing countries. The aim of this study is to address how the position of limited resources impacts the relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs in developing countries and their business performances. For this purpose, a conceptual framework has been created, delivering six theoretical propositions aiming to test the impact of limited resources on SMEs’ courage for exploring new opportunities and taking risks, promoting innovation, act proactively on the market, and set autonomy and competitive aggressiveness as standards in their operations.  Derived propositions have been elaborated by applying a multiple-case research strategy. Six companies from the private healthcare sector in North Macedonia have participated in the research and contributed to the same with a valuable set of data. Study results have indicated relatively low threats from the limited resources to the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions and the business's success correspondingly. Businesses have mainly been financed through their own resources and bank loans, and in some cases through grants as a result of collaboration with innovative and other SMEs supporting funds. Nevertheless, despite the unenthusiastic level of available resources, entrepreneurs have shown courage to take risks, initiate innovation and act proactively in the private healthcare market.

Technological developments and innovation create challenges for businesses to develop sustainable innovations in the light of global shifts in social, environmental and economic conditions in order to advance or maintain their position. Digital startups are an alternative for businesses to create value, and in the long term improve a country's economy. Entrepreneurial ecosystem theory is widely used to research digital startup ecosystems, but the factors in the model have not been tested quantitatively in terms of their effect on productive entrepreneurship. This study is a quantitative study by embarrassingly distributing the survey to 120 respondents who are founders and C-level at digital start-ups in Indonesia. Regression analysis using SPSS was carried out to see the correlation between variables. The results of this study explain that networking, leadership, finance, human resources and knowledge have an influence on productive entrepreneurship in the startup and digital ecosystem in Indonesia.

The activities of social enterprises have been neglected despite the efforts of the government, individuals, and other supportive agencies. Much of this neglect could be attributed to the failure to adopt suitable business model/entrepreneurial marketing (EM) models that address the many challenges these enterprises face. This paper aims to evaluate extant literature and models on EM to propose a new and comprehensive model for social enterprises. In this pursuit, a background literature review on EM was conducted in several peer-reviewed journals. Eight core dimensions were adapted from existing models: social innovativeness, social proactiveness, socially calculated risk-taking, social resources leveraging, social customer intensity, social value creation, social market sense, and social alliance. Based on these dimensions, a new and all-inclusive model of SEM is proposed. This paper concludes that applying these EM dimensions to social enterprises would significantly promote innovative and sustainable success.

Worldwide, unemployment is a challenging aspect that faces most of the graduate students. Based on that, students in colleges and universities currently, are clearly aware that they have to engage in self-employment through entrepreneurship. Moreover, the establishment of innovation hubs during collaging has propounded to help upbringings different entrepreneurial and creativity treats among students. Apart from performing incubation of the business ideas, the innovation hubs could be a free innovative centre where students, stakeholders, lecturers, and alumnae meet, work, and collaborate on the range of innovative augmented ideas to stimulate entrepreneur intention.  Colleges and universities do not have a proper plan to expose students to practical business environments while studying. Therefore, through mixed research design, this study entails to design and develop a participatory contextual model that will enhance the College of Business Education to establish a free space as the innovation hub for incubating talents, entrepreneurial ideas and research focused on solution-based for students and lecturers. A total of 132 respondents consisting of 20 instructors; 100 students and 12 entrepreneurial practitioners were involved in this study. Data was collected through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and documentary review. The obtained data were analysed through descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. Based on the findings, it is evident that establishing an incubation and innovation hub within the CBE community is necessary. The findings provide valuable insights into the participants' perceptions and highlight various aspects that should be considered during establishing and implementing the hub. Moreover, the findings stipulate that the incubation and innovation hub should incorporate the prototype environment that includes mindset change programmes, regular training, internship programmes, effective incubation practices, strong mentorship and coaching programmes, and a clear exit strategy that can enhance the entrepreneurial skills and capabilities of incubates

This study aims to analyze the role of entrepreneurship education in mediating the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. The sample is the students at the Assalam Islamic Boarding School, Pasuruan Regency, consisting of 104 respondents. Questionnaires were distributed via google form as direct data collection from respondents. Then the data were analyzed using the partial least square structural equation model (SEM-PLS), which was then used to answer the research hypothesis. The results of the study show that directly entrepreneurial orientation is not able to increase interest in entrepreneurship. However, self-efficacy can increase interest in entrepreneurship. Furthermore, entrepreneurship education succeeded in mediating the influence between entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy on students' entrepreneurial interest in entrepreneurship.

As one of the essential elements of the country's current economic development, Indonesia's government still supports entrepreneurial endeavors. Young entrepreneurs can only be developed with the help of universities. Students' entrepreneurial attitudes are anticipated to be shaped through the practical entrepreneurship program. As a foundation for student preparation to engage in entrepreneurial activity, this study investigates entrepreneurial intention. Students' entrepreneurial intents in Jakarta will be compared to three factors, including attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, that are based on the Theory Planned of Behavior. Purposive sampling was used to sample 120 students. Through the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), variance-based SEM was employed to analyze the data. All variables are reliable and legitimate, according to the test results. The study's key conclusions show that while subjective norms have a minimal impact on entrepreneurial intention, attitude and perceived behavioral control have a positive and considerable impact. Entrepreneurial intent is also recognized to have a favorable and significant impact on readiness to launch a firm. The study's findings could be incorporated into entrepreneurship curricula at colleges to help the government's attempts to accomplish development objectives through entrepreneurial endeavors.

Entrepreneurial support, its determinants, its articulation, and its actors are always analyzed from both processual and emergent perspectives. Because a certain level of coherence must be maintained, public structures that are perceived as not opting for a process/emergence mix in their support systems are not hostile to using it when the context permits it and when the person receiving support accepts to be at the center of the design of his or her support. Literature reveals that a compromise between these two approaches has neither been established nor, as far as we are aware, exhaustively investigated. This research sought to highlight the processual nature of both the form and substance of entrepreneurial support. To achieve this, we administered a qualitative survey to 21 Tunisian business proprietors. The results indicate that in the Tunisian context, accompaniment is structurally processual and superimposed on an entrepreneurial process that both the accompaniers and the accompanied co-pilot in order to maintain coherence and complementarity during the training of the accompanied in the trade of entrepreneur. In addition, coaching is fundamentally and intrinsically emergent because it is geared toward endogenous action, co-constructed, and contextualized due to the prominence of personalized learning needs and the coachee's situational framework in relation to the enterprise he or she must establish.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the main challenges that startups face in Saudi Arabia. It tries to identify the wave of opportunities that come along with startups and analyze the main factors for success and sustainability. A sample of 40 respondents was established. According to the survey results, consumer-oriented activity dominates startup activities. Startups remain mainly dependent on non-equity funding. The first challenge that startups encounter is finding funding. Saudi startups are more focused on product innovation. Most of the respondents think that aspects of the entrepreneur's personality and skills play a significant role in the success of startups.    

Entrepreneurship is crucial for both growing the economy and decreasing the crushing effects of poverty and unemployment. Consequently, higher education institutions have a critical role to play in inculcating entrepreneurial skills in students who may find it challenging to gain employment. This research examined the impact of socio-demographic variables (age, gender, level of study, academic discipline, race and nationality) on entrepreneurship intention. A descriptive quantitative research design was adopted to collect data from a simple random sample of 332 higher education students. This study's findings show no significant difference amongst the respondents in terms of gender, age, race and entrepreneurial intention. On the other hand, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the respondents' nationality, academic discipline, level of study and entrepreneurship intention. Therefore, higher education institutions should pay attention to the demographics of students to avoid prejudices and to have targeted interventions that will arouse their interest in entrepreneurship. The findings of this study could assist institutional managers and policy-makers in putting in place strategies that could help higher education students actively participate in entrepreneurial activities on campus and treat entrepreneurship as an alternative career.