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Commercial banks accept deposits and lend money for investment and consumption. This study used five (5) first-tier banks in Nigeria as a case study to analyze the effects of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study examined fifteen (15) years' worth of panel data (from 2005 to 2019), taken from the audited financial reports of five first-tier listed banks. Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) are the only banks used, and they are all listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Non-performing loans (NPL) and expected credit loss impairment provisions (ECL) were utilized in this study as indicators of credit risk management. At the same time, return on assets (ROA) was employed to measure financial performance.

Despite the institutionalization of operational risk management in banks and the strict supervision of bank regulators, operational risk events are still on the increase. It is becoming evident to banks that there is a need to identify the drivers of this risk and nib it at the root to reduce the probability of recurrence. Hence, this study examined the drivers of operational risks in Nigerian commercial banks and the extent to which each driver contributes to operational risk. To achieve the study’s objectives, primary data were collected from the Operational Risk Management Desks of six (6) sampled commercial banks and analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The result showed that Internal processes, IT systems and Quality of Risk Officers are determinants of operational losses in banks. The internal process was however indicated as having the most impact. The study concluded that Internal Process is the major driver of operational risk in Nigerian Commercial banks. The researcher, therefore, recommends that bank management must have defined procedures for core activities and prioritize regular review of their critical processes to reduce operational risk events and the associated costs.

This study evaluates resources allocated for risk management by business organisations (financial and non-financial firms) in developing countries, using Zambia as a case study. Primary data collected from 158 organisations were analysed using MegaStat. The findings revealed that the majority (54.5%) of organisations, especially non-financial institutions, only commit resources to risk mitigation on an Adhoc or post-event basis, while 45.5% showed a budgeted approach. A significant part of the budgeted 45.5% was used for risk management activities, and 54.5% was used for regular daily operations. Despite this variation, all organisations engaged reported a significant expenditure on risk management, at least on Adhoc. At 4 degrees of freedom (df), which was one less than the total number of possible outcomes, a non-parametric test for significance yielded a scientific P-value of 1.57e-0.7, (a numerical magnitude of 0.0014, P< 0.05). This suggests that the correlation and pattern of the findings were not random or by chance, but they carried a statistical significance. The study's main findings demonstrate that some business organisations in Zambia and other developing countries incur significant expenditure with a higher portion of their budgets to respond to risk management needs. Business organisations which do not have formal risk structures do so informally due to pressure from emerging business risks. The findings also indicated that financial institutions in developing countries allocate more resources towards risk management than non-financial institutions. The Phi coefficient (degree of association) was 0.486, showing a moderately significant relationship between the variables (risk management and resource allocation). Business organisations in Zambia and other developing nations must develop sound risk mitigation plans and allocate resources for risk management.

Insurance plays an essential role in stimulating economic growth. Insurance is an intangible product, and prompt claim settlement proves that insurers fulfill their promises to the insureds. This paper analyses the impacts of insurance claims settlement on economic growth. It examines the effect of insurance claims' settlements on a nation's economic growth, using Nigeria as a case study. The research utilised an ex-post facto design, using 28-year time series data (1992 – 2019). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Nigeria's insurance companies' claims settlement are the dependent and independent variables used for the study, respectively. The Long-run co-integration result revealed that INCLM (Insurance claims) has an insignificant negative effect on GDP. The coefficient shows that a percentage increment in INCLM (Insurance claims) would result in a 1.22 decrease in GDP. The results indicate that insurance claims settlement has an insignificant negative effect on economic growth. This implies a negative relationship between insurance claims settled by insurance companies and economic growth in Nigeria. The finding is surprising as one expects that settlement of claims by insurers should positively impact economic growth. The implication is that the relationship between insurance claims settlement and economic growth varies depending on several factors, including country-specific factors and the performance of the country's insurance industry.

Insurance plays an essential role in stimulating economic growth. Insurance is an intangible product, and prompt claim settlement proves that insurers fulfill their promises to the insureds. This paper analyses the impacts of insurance claims settlement on economic growth. It examines the effect of insurance claims' settlements on a nation's economic growth, using Nigeria as a case study. The research utilised an ex-post facto design, using 28-year time series data (1992 – 2019). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Nigeria's insurance companies' claims settlement are the dependent and independent variables used for the study, respectively. The Long-run co-integration result revealed that INCLM (Insurance claims) has an insignificant negative effect on GDP. The coefficient shows that a percentage increment in INCLM (Insurance claims) would result in a 1.22 decrease in GDP. The results indicate that insurance claims settlement has an insignificant negative effect on economic growth. This implies a negative relationship between insurance claims settled by insurance companies and economic growth in Nigeria. The finding is surprising as one expects that settlement of claims by insurers should positively impact economic growth. The implication is that the relationship between insurance claims settlement and economic growth varies depending on several factors, including country-specific factors and the performance of the country's insurance industry.

Commercial banks accept deposits and lend money for investment and consumption. This study used five (5) first-tier banks in Nigeria as a case study to analyze the effects of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study examined fifteen (15) years' worth of panel data (from 2005 to 2019), taken from the audited financial reports of five first-tier listed banks. Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) are the only banks used, and they are all listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Non-performing loans (NPL) and expected credit loss impairment provisions (ECL) were utilized in this study as indicators of credit risk management. At the same time, return on assets (ROA) was employed to measure financial performance.

This study evaluates resources allocated for risk management by business organisations (financial and non-financial firms) in developing countries, using Zambia as a case study. Primary data collected from 158 organisations were analysed using MegaStat. The findings revealed that the majority (54.5%) of organisations, especially non-financial institutions, only commit resources to risk mitigation on an Adhoc or post-event basis, while 45.5% showed a budgeted approach. A significant part of the budgeted 45.5% was used for risk management activities, and 54.5% was used for regular daily operations. Despite this variation, all organisations engaged reported a significant expenditure on risk management, at least on Adhoc. At 4 degrees of freedom (df), which was one less than the total number of possible outcomes, a non-parametric test for significance yielded a scientific P-value of 1.57e-0.7, (a numerical magnitude of 0.0014, P< 0.05). This suggests that the correlation and pattern of the findings were not random or by chance, but they carried a statistical significance. The study's main findings demonstrate that some business organisations in Zambia and other developing countries incur significant expenditure with a higher portion of their budgets to respond to risk management needs. Business organisations which do not have formal risk structures do so informally due to pressure from emerging business risks. The findings also indicated that financial institutions in developing countries allocate more resources towards risk management than non-financial institutions. The Phi coefficient (degree of association) was 0.486, showing a moderately significant relationship between the variables (risk management and resource allocation). Business organisations in Zambia and other developing nations must develop sound risk mitigation plans and allocate resources for risk management.

Despite the institutionalization of operational risk management in banks and the strict supervision of bank regulators, operational risk events are still on the increase. It is becoming evident to banks that there is a need to identify the drivers of this risk and nib it at the root to reduce the probability of recurrence. Hence, this study examined the drivers of operational risks in Nigerian commercial banks and the extent to which each driver contributes to operational risk. To achieve the study’s objectives, primary data were collected from the Operational Risk Management Desks of six (6) sampled commercial banks and analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The result showed that Internal processes, IT systems and Quality of Risk Officers are determinants of operational losses in banks. The internal process was however indicated as having the most impact. The study concluded that Internal Process is the major driver of operational risk in Nigerian Commercial banks. The researcher, therefore, recommends that bank management must have defined procedures for core activities and prioritize regular review of their critical processes to reduce operational risk events and the associated costs.