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This study investigates factors limiting the entrepreneurial action of small-scale irrigation farmers (SSIF) at the Namibian Green Scheme Irrigation Project (GSIP).  Literature was reviewed on the concepts of the agricultural sector in Namibia, entrepreneurship action, and agricultural entrepreneurship in Namibia and elsewhere. The paper used a quantitative research approach to produce descriptive statistics of the agricultural entrepreneurs' experiences when starting and operating their projects. Data were collected using a questionnaire surveying the Etunda Green scheme irrigation project. The study used Microsoft Office Excel 2019 analysis tool pack to analyse the data. The key findings revealed that most SSIF operating at the project are obstructed by some elements of the policy environment, finance, business support services, market environment, infrastructure, and ecological factors. The study praises that sectoral connections should be strengthened, and government should prioritise and target elements that would improve the overall performance of the Namibian agricultural sector. The study offers policymakers and practitioners a blueprint for developing entrepreneurship in an agricultural context, specifically the Namibian Green Scheme Projects.

The effective utilisation of Integrated Logistics Systems (ILS) is increasingly recognised as a critical enabler of operational efficiency, accountability, and readiness within defence organisations. The study investigated the utilisation of Integrated Logistics Systems within the Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs (MODVA) in the Khomas region of Namibia. A qualitative research approach was utilised, and data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 33 participants drawn from logistics officers, supply chain managers, system administrators, and information technology support personnel. The data was analysed thematically to generate insights into patterns of system use, organisational dynamics, and user experiences. The findings revealed that although the Integrated Logistics System operates within MODVA, its use is still inconsistent, disjointed, and primarily confined to fundamental functions. Advanced system features intended to enhance complete logistics integration, real-time visibility, and strategic decision-making are greatly underused. The study also identified internal organisational elements such as leadership styles, corporate culture, workflow inconsistencies, inadequate training, and lack of ICT support as key factors influencing system utilisation. Participants also described national ICT infrastructure, procurement regulations, reliance on external suppliers, and cybersecurity requirements as contextual constraints affecting the environment in which ILS is used. Moreover, the study found that the challenges related to ILS implementation and utilisation are closely linked. Insufficient rollout planning, minimal user engagement, ineffective change management tactics, and ongoing training and capability deficiencies have led to diminished user trust and opposition to digital processes. Technical and infrastructural limitations further diminish trust in the system, while behavioural obstacles such as fear of making mistakes, preference for manual processes, and reluctance to change remain firmly embedded in the organisational culture. The study concludes that effective ILS implementation within MODVA necessitates a comprehensive strategy that combines technological proficiency with organisational preparedness, leadership commitment, ongoing skills enhancement, and organised change management. The findings contribute to the understanding of digital logistics systems adoption in defence settings in developing countries and offer evidence-based recommendations for improving system usage and operational efficiency.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enforcement mechanisms and compliance challenges in Africa’s Continental Trade Regime. This study employed the qualitative doctrinal and policy research design to explore the issue of the enforcement of transport services regulatory matters within the context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The study adopted a doctrinal analysis of the AfCFTA instruments with a combination of thematic policy reviews; hence, it relied exclusively on secondary qualitative data obtained from authoritative legal and institutional sources. Primary data sources and materials comprise the AfCFTA Agreement, Protocol on Trade in Services, the Dispute Settlement Protocol, and relevant annexes that govern regulatory cooperation, market access, and nontariff barriers. The data collection procedure involved a systematic desk review and thematic analysis for qualitative studies to analyse the data. The review shows four main enforcement mechanisms of the regulatory framework of transport services under the AfCFTA. These include legal obligations and notification requirements, institutional oversight by AfCFTA bodies, peer review and political accountability, and dispute settlement mechanisms are some of the most outstanding aspects of the AfCFTA Agreement. Factors including regulation fragmentation, the absence of enforcement powers, non-transparency, and restrictive market access conditions, insufficient professional standards in commonality, insecurity, and transport barriers challenges the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms. The authors conclude that the design of the AfCFTA alone is not adequate in facilitating the opening of the transport service. The study therefore provides pragmatic measures to strengthen the institutional capacity, harmonise the regulations, and monitor compliance better. These reforms can influence the reduction of trade costs, the improvement of supply chain reliability, and the attainment of the AfCFTA's broader aim of economic integration across the continent.

The effective utilisation of Integrated Logistics Systems (ILS) is increasingly recognised as a critical enabler of operational efficiency, accountability, and readiness within defence organisations. The study investigated the utilisation of Integrated Logistics Systems within the Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs (MODVA) in the Khomas region of Namibia. A qualitative research approach was utilised, and data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 33 participants drawn from logistics officers, supply chain managers, system administrators, and information technology support personnel. The data was analysed thematically to generate insights into patterns of system use, organisational dynamics, and user experiences. The findings revealed that although the Integrated Logistics System operates within MODVA, its use is still inconsistent, disjointed, and primarily confined to fundamental functions. Advanced system features intended to enhance complete logistics integration, real-time visibility, and strategic decision-making are greatly underused. The study also identified internal organisational elements such as leadership styles, corporate culture, workflow inconsistencies, inadequate training, and lack of ICT support as key factors influencing system utilisation. Participants also described national ICT infrastructure, procurement regulations, reliance on external suppliers, and cybersecurity requirements as contextual constraints affecting the environment in which ILS is used. Moreover, the study found that the challenges related to ILS implementation and utilisation are closely linked. Insufficient rollout planning, minimal user engagement, ineffective change management tactics, and ongoing training and capability deficiencies have led to diminished user trust and opposition to digital processes. Technical and infrastructural limitations further diminish trust in the system, while behavioural obstacles such as fear of making mistakes, preference for manual processes, and reluctance to change remain firmly embedded in the organisational culture. The study concludes that effective ILS implementation within MODVA necessitates a comprehensive strategy that combines technological proficiency with organisational preparedness, leadership commitment, ongoing skills enhancement, and organised change management. The findings contribute to the understanding of digital logistics systems adoption in defence settings in developing countries and offer evidence-based recommendations for improving system usage and operational efficiency.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enforcement mechanisms and compliance challenges in Africa’s Continental Trade Regime. This study employed the qualitative doctrinal and policy research design to explore the issue of the enforcement of transport services regulatory matters within the context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The study adopted a doctrinal analysis of the AfCFTA instruments with a combination of thematic policy reviews; hence, it relied exclusively on secondary qualitative data obtained from authoritative legal and institutional sources. Primary data sources and materials comprise the AfCFTA Agreement, Protocol on Trade in Services, the Dispute Settlement Protocol, and relevant annexes that govern regulatory cooperation, market access, and nontariff barriers. The data collection procedure involved a systematic desk review and thematic analysis for qualitative studies to analyse the data. The review shows four main enforcement mechanisms of the regulatory framework of transport services under the AfCFTA. These include legal obligations and notification requirements, institutional oversight by AfCFTA bodies, peer review and political accountability, and dispute settlement mechanisms are some of the most outstanding aspects of the AfCFTA Agreement. Factors including regulation fragmentation, the absence of enforcement powers, non-transparency, and restrictive market access conditions, insufficient professional standards in commonality, insecurity, and transport barriers challenges the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms. The authors conclude that the design of the AfCFTA alone is not adequate in facilitating the opening of the transport service. The study therefore provides pragmatic measures to strengthen the institutional capacity, harmonise the regulations, and monitor compliance better. These reforms can influence the reduction of trade costs, the improvement of supply chain reliability, and the attainment of the AfCFTA's broader aim of economic integration across the continent.

This study investigates factors limiting the entrepreneurial action of small-scale irrigation farmers (SSIF) at the Namibian Green Scheme Irrigation Project (GSIP).  Literature was reviewed on the concepts of the agricultural sector in Namibia, entrepreneurship action, and agricultural entrepreneurship in Namibia and elsewhere. The paper used a quantitative research approach to produce descriptive statistics of the agricultural entrepreneurs' experiences when starting and operating their projects. Data were collected using a questionnaire surveying the Etunda Green scheme irrigation project. The study used Microsoft Office Excel 2019 analysis tool pack to analyse the data. The key findings revealed that most SSIF operating at the project are obstructed by some elements of the policy environment, finance, business support services, market environment, infrastructure, and ecological factors. The study praises that sectoral connections should be strengthened, and government should prioritise and target elements that would improve the overall performance of the Namibian agricultural sector. The study offers policymakers and practitioners a blueprint for developing entrepreneurship in an agricultural context, specifically the Namibian Green Scheme Projects.