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Hydropower projects are vital for Rwanda’s economic growth, contributing to the national GDP and accounting for 48% of the country’s installed power capacity. However, these projects face significant environmental risks, including pollution, sedimentation, fluctuating water volumes, and natural disasters such as floods and landslides, which threaten operational efficiency and long-term sustainability. This study aimed to examine the influence of environmental risk factors, specifically pollution risk, sedimentation risk, volume risk, and natural disaster risk, on the performance of hydropower projects in Rwanda, with a focus on Rwaza Hydropower Project in Musanze District. The study is grounded in Stakeholder Theory and Risk Society Theory and adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The target population consisted of 112 participants, including project managers, plant managers, operators, regulators, and other relevant stakeholders. The study highlights the significant negative influence of pollution, sedimentation, volume fluctuations, and natural disaster risks on the performance of hydropower projects in Rwanda. It is recommended that project managers strengthen environmental management, implement effective sediment and water volume control measures, enhance disaster preparedness, and involve local communities to sustain project performance. Future research could examine the economic impacts of environmental risks, the effectiveness of mitigation strategies, climate change effects, and community participation in improving hydropower sustainability.      

This study examined the influence of implementation interventions on the success of education infrastructure projects in Rwanda, using the China-Aided Expansion Project of IPRC Musanze as a case study. The study was grounded in the recognition that project success is not solely dependent on the availability of financial resources but is largely influenced by the effectiveness of implementation strategies throughout the project lifecycle. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of materials and resource management, financial management, technology adoption, and human expertise and skills development on project success. The study was guided by Implementation Theory and the Project Success Model and adopted both descriptive and correlational research designs. The target population comprised 123 employees of IPRC Musanze at the time of project implementation, including three who were assigned to supervise the project on behalf of the beneficiary institution, as well as 1,243 students who were enrolled during the same period. This resulted in a total population of 1,366 respondents. A mixed sampling approach was employed, whereby a census technique was applied to the employee category, while simple random sampling was used for the student category. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and document review to ensure triangulation and enhance the validity of findings. 

Effective management of human, material, and financial resources is crucial for delivering housing construction projects successfully. In Musanze District, Rwanda, many housing projects have faced delays and cost overruns, largely due to weaknesses in planning, coordination, and resource use. Using the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Systems Theory as guiding frameworks, this study assessed how resource management strategies impact the performance of housing construction projects. A descriptive survey design with correlational analysis was used. The study targeted 152 stakeholders, including district infrastructure officers, project managers, site engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, foremen, skilled workers, and material suppliers. A stratified random sample of 110 participants was drawn, and a 10% pilot test (n = 11) was conducted to ensure the questionnaire’s clarity. Reliability analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha produced a value of 0.826, indicating strong internal consistency. Content validity was confirmed with a CVI of 0.87. Data were analyzed in SPSS 25 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression at a 5% significance level. Findings indicated that overall project delivery performance was high (composite mean = 4.38). Key delivery indicators such as quality (mean = 4.74), scope achievement (4.56), and stakeholder satisfaction (4.35) were strong, while timely completion recorded the lowest performance (mean = 4.02). Material Resource Management (MRM) exhibited a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation with project delivery (r = 0.510, p = 0.000), making it the most influential individual strategy.

Recognizing that effective road infrastructure is vital for socioeconomic development, this research addressed the persistent challenges that hindered project execution, including delays, cost overruns, and compromised quality often linked to inadequate M&E practices. The study examined the influence of M&E practices on implementation of road construction projects in Musanze District, Rwanda with specific focus on M&E planning, M&E data utilization, and M&E digitalization on implementation of road construction projects. This study used the theory of change and constraints theory. The study employed descriptive survey and correlational research designs with questionnaire and interview for collecting data from a sample of 153 respondent out of 247 key stakeholders. The instruments were pretested in a pilot study involving 10% of the sample to ensure validity and reliability, achieving a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78. Descriptive and inferential statistics of correlation and regression were done at a significance level of 0.05 with thematic content analysis of qualitative data for triangulation. The findings revealed that road construction projects generally performed above average, with 68.6% of respondents confirming that projects were completed within budget, 69.9% stating that milestones were met on time, and 65.3% satisfied with the quality of materials and road quality. The hypotheses that M&E Planning, M&E Data Utilization, M&E Digitalization and M&E Capacity Building does not significantly influence the implementation of road construction projects were rejected as p = 0.000 < 0.05. In conclusion all four null hypotheses were rejected, demonstrating that M&E planning, data utilization, digitalization, and capacity building significantly influence the implementation of road construction projects. The study recommended enhancing community engagement, strengthening M&E planning, expanding digitalization efforts, prioritizing ongoing capacity building, and fostering a culture of data-driven decision-making. Suggestions for further studies included comparing M&E practices across infrastructure sectors such as water or energy projects, to identify cross-sectoral best practices and potential areas for improvement, exploring emerging technologies like AI and block chain, and analyzing the impact of national and regional policies on M&E practices.

The study investigates the impact of skills and concomitant competencies in enhancing claims management in order to ameliorate disputes in the South African construction industry. By evaluating the role of various skills and abilities, the study provided significant insights for optimizing claims management methods and enhancing project outcomes. The study adopted a mixed-method approach, combining a content analysis of industry reports, and legal precedents relating to construction claims management and skills development. Additionally, structured interviews and surveys were undertaken with key stakeholders in the construction sector. A total of eleven interviews and ninety-three (93) complete responses were retrieved from respondents including contractors, subcontractors, project managers, legal experts, and industry associations. These interviews and surveys attempt to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on the impact of skills on claims management procedures, including competency levels, training experiences, problems faced, and perceived outcomes. study underlines the need for investing in training and development programs to alleviate skills shortages and build a culture of competence among construction professionals. The conversation discussed the possible role of technology in complementing abilities and improving claims management efficiency. It is recommended that recognizing the crucial link between skills and claims management effectiveness, stakeholders may apply measures to limit risks, improve procedures, and ultimately increase successful project outcomes in the construction industry.

Small, Micro- and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) play a significant role in most world economies, particularly in developing countries. South Africa’s SMMEs demonstrate a high failure rate and do not seem to match the performances of applicable best practices. Regarding construction SMMEs, these issues are particularly noticeable. This study wants to investigate the level of performance of SMMEs in the construction industry of the Gauteng Province in South Africa as compared to SADC and best practices by addressing the research question, “To what extent do Gauteng construction SMMEs deviate from global best practice and SADC measures in terms of performance metrics?”, using regional and global lenses. The study design was cross-sectional qualitative based on secondary data. The targeted study population consisted of registered Gauteng construction SMMEs, and SADC and global best practices benchmarks were used for measuring these performances. The study found the Gauteng construction SMMEs were not engaging in social responsibility, and were lacking the most in business results, policy and strategy, processes, and in people management.

The study investigates the effect of project resource management—including human, financial, material, and technological resources—on the performance of housing construction projects, with a case study of the One and Only Resort’s Staff Accommodation Project in Musanze District, Rwanda. Effective resource management is essential for optimizing project outcomes, yet Rwanda’s construction sector faces challenges such as workforce skill gaps and motivation issues that hinder efficiency. Grounded in the Resource-Based View Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Theory of Change, the research employed a descriptive and correlational design, targeting 308 stakeholders, including project managers, skilled laborers, administrative staff, and consultants. A sample of 174 participants was selected through stratified sampling, with data collected via questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The instruments demonstrated strong validity (0.892) and reliability (0.803). Using SPSS version 28 for correlation and regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level, the study rejected all four null hypotheses (p = 0.000), confirming that human, financial, material, and technology resource management significantly enhance project performance. The findings underscore the importance of strategic resource allocation in improving construction efficiency and project success. The study recommends that project managers continuously refine resource management strategies to optimize outcomes and suggests future research on the role of risk management in housing construction projects. This research provides valuable insights into resource optimization in Rwanda’s construction sector, offering practical guidance for enhancing housing project performance through effective resource management. 

Stakeholder engagement is a critical determinant of project success, with ineffective strategies contributing to failures worldwide. Despite some progress, research remains scarce on the specific strategies contributing to sustainable outcomes in Rwanda.  The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of stakeholders' engagement strategies on performance of agricultural projects in Rutsiro District, Rwanda: A Case of KOICA Project. The Specific objectives of the study include: To assess the effect of collaboration, involvement, empowerment and consultation strategy on performance of agricultural projects in Rutsiro District, Rwanda. The study was grounded on Stakeholder Theory. The study used descriptive and correlational research design. The target population includes 2,179 stakeholders from KOICA, with a sample size of 338 respondents. The pilot study aimed to enhance the validity and reliability of the research tools by pre-testing the questionnaire and interview guide with 34 respondents, representing 10% of the sample size. Validity was confirmed through expert evaluation, yielding a content validity index of 0.89 while Reliability was established using the split-half technique, achieving a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84, demonstrating the instruments' consistency and appropriateness for data collection. Descriptive statistics of percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of Correlation and Regression were done at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 28 while thematic content analysis of qualitative data was done for triangulation. The findings for four hypotheses were tested at ?=.05 level of significance and the results were: Collaboration Strategy (P=0.000<0.05), Involvement Strategy (P=0.000<0.05), Empowerment Strategy (P=0.000<0.05) and, Consultation Strategy (P=0.000<0.05) on Performance of Agricultural Projects were rejected. The study concludes that the performance of agricultural projects in Rutsiro District is significantly influenced by collaboration, involvement, empowerment, and consultation strategies. To enhance project outcomes, the study recommends developing structured frameworks for resource sharing, fostering participatory decision-making, expanding capacity-building programs, and strengthening feedback mechanisms to improve stakeholder engagement and inclusivity. 

Effective risk management plays a vital role in the successful implementation of pest control projects, offering benefits such as improved project quality, adherence to budgets, high stakeholder satisfaction, and timely completion. Despite these benefits, challenges in managing risks within pest control projects remain, highlighting the need for a structured and proactive approach to risk management. This study aimed to explore the influence of risk management practices, specifically risk identification, assessment, response, and review, on the successful implementation of organic pest control projects in Rwanda. This study will adopt Theory of Risk Perception and contingency theory and will use both descriptive and correlational designs, targeting an estimated population of 100 respondents from Agropy Ltd, including project managers, risk management officers, field officers, Laboratory Analyst and key stakeholders. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews, and document reviews. A pilot test was conducted with 20 respondents to determine the instrument's ability to produce consistent results over time. The reliability of the research instrument (questionnaire) was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analysis. The findings for four hypotheses were tested at ?=.05 level of significance and the results were: risk identification (p = 0.000 < 0.05); risk assessment (p = 0.000 < 0.05); risk response (p = 0.000 < 0.05) and; risk review and control (p = 0.000 < 0.05), have no significant effect on performance of projects were rejected, confirming that all the risk management practices significantly affects the implementation of pest control projects. In conclusion, the study highlights the significant positive effect of risk management practices, including risk identification, assessment, response, and review in the successful implementation of pest control projects. It is recommended that organizations strengthen their risk management frameworks, involve stakeholders early in the process, prioritize comprehensive risk assessments, establish clear risk response strategies, and continuously monitor and adapt risk control measures. Future studies could explore the role of different stakeholders in pest control projects to further enhance risk management and project success.

Participatory project management practices have gained significant attention within the agricultural sector, reflecting a broader global trend toward engaging diverse stakeholders in planning, execution, and evaluation of projects, However, despite the recognized benefits of such practices, agricultural projects in Rwanda still encounter significant challenges related to stakeholder engagement and local participation. The study sought to assess participatory project management practices influence on performance of agricultural projects in Musanze district, Rwanda with focus on participatory planning, implementation, and M&E. The research was guided by the Stakeholder Theory, Social Capital Theory, and Goal Setting Theory, which offered a structured approach to understanding how participatory practices impact agricultural project outcomes. The research employed descriptive and correlational designs. The target population for this study consisted of 465 population divided into four categories: 10 project managers, 83 project staff and team members, 298 beneficiaries’ representatives, and 74 community leaders. Using Slovin’s formula, the sample size was calculated to be 215 participants, ensuring that the study's findings accurately represented the population. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics like correlation and regression analysis were applied. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 on descriptive and inferential statistics of Bivariate Correlation and regression analysis. For the study on TUBURA Project, a pre-test was conducted on 10% of the sample size equal to 22 respondents, including project managers and staff to assess the effectiveness of the questionnaire. A validity index of 0.8 was obtained while the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of reliability was 0.83, which exceeds the minimum acceptable reliability threshold of 0.70. The findings for the hypotheses at ?=.05 level of significance that: there is no significant influence of participatory planning, execution and M&E on performance of agricultural projects was rejected since P=0.000<0.05. All predictors show statistically significant effects on performance, with p-values less than 0.05. The study recommends that management of TUBURA Project should enhance participatory planning by organizing regular community meetings, ensuring local input in decision-making, and making planning documents easily accessible to stakeholders for increased transparency and accountability. Future research should investigate the socio-economic impacts of participatory methods on beneficiaries of agricultural projects. 

While Micro Hydropower Plants in Rwanda offer sustainable energy solutions, their success is often hindered by insufficient risk management strategies, leading to challenges such as delays, cost overruns, and operational inefficiencies. This study aimed to assess the influence of risk management strategies on performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Rwanda: A case of Micro Hydropower Plants. The study's specific objectives include: To determine the influence of risk identification, risk analysis, risk response and, risk review and control on performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Rwanda. The study is grounded on Theory of Constraints (TOC), Resource-Based View (RBV) and Goal-Setting Theory. Utilizing descriptive and correlational research designs, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews; from a census of 105 participants, selected using a combination of stratified and purposing sampling. A pilot test was conducted with 11 respondents representing 10% of the sample size to determine the instrument's ability to produce consistent results over time. The validity was tested using Content Validity which resulted a content validity index of 0.8 by expert evaluation while the reliability of the research instrument (questionnaire) was also assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha achieved 0.74. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analysis. The findings for four hypotheses were tested at ?=.05 level of significance and the results were: Risk Identification; Risk Analysis; Risk Response and; Risk Review and Control had no significant influence on performance of hydroelectric energy projects were rejected since P=0.000<0.05, indicating that all the risk management strategies significantly contribute to enhancing project performance. The study concludes that while Rwanda's hydroelectric projects are generally successful, their sustainability can be improved through better risk management practices, including enhanced risk identification, response strategies, and ongoing monitoring. Further research should focus on evaluating the long-term effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies in hydroelectric projects, tracking outcomes across multiple projects to identify the most effective strategies for ensuring sustainability and maximizing return on investment.   

Quality management strategies are vital for improving coffee farming productivity and sustainability, yet there is limited research on their specific impact in Northern Province, Rwanda. This gap hinders the effective adoption and scaling of successful coffee farming projects, particularly within the Sustainable Growers initiative. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of Quality Management Strategies on the performance of coffee farming projects in Northern Province, Rwanda. The study adopted Total Quality Management (TQM) Theory and Sustainability Theory. The research employed both descriptive and correlational designs with a target population estimated at 531 people, composed of 4 project managers, 25 farmer cooperative representatives from five women cooperatives, and 502 farmers trained under the project. A sample of 84 respondents was determined using Solvi’s formula. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires, interviews, and document reviews. A pilot test was conducted with 15 respondents to determine the instrument's ability to produce consistent results over time. The reliability of the research instrument (questionnaire) was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including regression and correlation analysis, were conducted at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 28 the obtained results revealed that, quality planning (p = 0.001 < 0.05), quality assurance (p = 0.002 < 0.05), quality control (p = 0.003 < 0.05) and, quality improvement (p = 0.002 < 0.05) have significant influence on project performance, therefore, rejecting the Null hypotheses. The study concludes that quality planning, assurance, control, and improvement practices are essential for the success of coffee farming projects, significantly enhancing performance, productivity, and the livelihoods. The study recommends prioritizing comprehensive planning, improving monitoring and evaluation, implementing regular inspections and corrective actions, and fostering continuous innovation and training to enhance the success and sustainability of future coffee farming projects. The study suggests that future researches could explore the impact of stakeholder engagement on project performance and assess the role of evolving technology, such as remote sensing and mobile apps, in improving quality control and monitoring in coffee farming, focusing on their feasibility, costs, and effectiveness.financial monitoring mechanisms to ensure efficient resource allocation. Future research needs to examine the effects of community involvement on project implementation of water supply projects.   

The performance and sustainability of school feeding projects are critical to achieving educational and social development objectives. This study aims to assess the effect of project management practices on performance of school feeding projects in Musanze District, Rwanda, specifically, human resource management, financial resource management, stakeholder involvement and material resource management. The study was guided by the Theory of Change. The study was used mixed-methods with a descriptive survey and correlational research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The target population was 3383 respondents from six schools. A descriptive survey design and correlational research design was adopted to gather data from a sample of 358 respondents drawn from six schools involved in the Dusangire Lunch Project. Data collection instruments was included questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews. To enhance the study's rigor, a pilot test was conducted with 10% of the sample size. The instruments' validity was established through expert reviews, achieving a content validity index (CVI) of 0.79, which was deemed acceptable. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha, yielding a score of 0.76, confirming the consistency of the instruments. The findings for four hypotheses were tested at ?=.05 level of significance and the results were: there is no significant influence between Human Resource Management (p=0.000<0.05), Human Resource Management (p=0.000<0.05), Stakeholder Involvement (p=0.000<0.05), and Material Resource Management (p=0.000<0.05) on Performance of School Feeding Projects were rejected. The studies conclude that the importance of efficient resource management and active stakeholder involvement in the effective implementation and sustainability of school feeding projects. It is recommended that policymakers and practitioners focus on improving resource management practices, fostering stakeholder collaboration, and addressing gaps in communication to sustain and scale the impact of these projects in Rwanda. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to examine the long-term impact of these management practices on student outcomes and project sustainability.

Resource management is fundamental to the success of organizations and governments, optimizing efficiency and performance across sectors. Despite initial investments in 2016 aimed at boosting milk production, the factory faced funding and management challenges, leading to operational inefficiencies. Privatization efforts did not resolve these issues, and in 2021, the facility was sold at a significant loss. This case highlights the complexities of project management in resource-limited public-private agricultural initiatives. This study assessed the effect of project resource management on agricultural projects in Burera District, Rwanda, focusing on financial, human, and material resource management. Grounded on the Resource-Based View and Goal Setting Theories, the research aimed to analyze their impact on project performance, providing insights into addressing resource management challenges. The study used descriptive survey and correlational research designs. A census of 92 participants, including project beneficiaries and other stakeholders from Burera District, were selected. Data was gathered through interviews and questionnaire. To establish the validity of instruments, instruments were pre-tested through a pilot by administering the questionnaires to 10 respondents, constituting 10% of the census. The results gave a Content Validity Index of 0.91 and a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.813. Descriptive and inferential statistics of Correlation and Regression were conducted at a significance level of 0.05. Three null hypotheses were tested including: H01: There is no significant effect of financial resource management (P=0.000<0.05); human resource management (P=0.000<0.05); material resource management (P=0.000<0.05) on performance of Agricultural projects were rejected. Therefore, the study concluded that project resource management significantly influences the performance of Agricultural projects. The study recommends that the Government enhance breeding programs by integrating material, human, and financial resource management, ensuring breeder certification, tailored HR training, and transparency in financial practices. The government and Rwanda Dairy Development Project management should integrate resource management, enhance transparency, and provide tailored staff training. Future research should investigate advanced stakeholders’ management practices on performance of agricultural projects.

Agricultural projects are vital to improving livelihoods, especially in developing countries like Rwanda. In the face of climate variability, pest outbreaks, and economic challenges, agricultural projects need comprehensive strategies to identify, assess, and mitigate risks. Despite the importance of risk management in agricultural projects, many initiatives in Rwanda struggle to sustain positive outcomes due to inadequate risk identification, planning, and response strategies, hindering agricultural productivity and economic growth. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of risk management practices and performance of agricultural projects in Rwanda: a case of regenerative agriculture for livelihoods and markets project. The study used decision making theory and the theory of change. The target population was 432 REALMs project stakeholders from which a sample of 157 was taken to attend closed ended questionnaire and focus group discussion. The study used Stratified sampling, simple random sampling and Purposive sampling for selection of respondents. The researcher conducted a pilot study on 20 respondents which represent 12.7% of the sample size. Content Validity Index was 0.90 and the overall reliability coefficient was 0.85 for all items. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics of correlation and regression analyzed by SPSS version 28. The findings for four hypotheses were tested at ?=.05 level of significance and the results were: risk identification (p=0.000<0.05); risk analysis (p=0.000<0.05); risk response (p=0.000<0.05) and; risk review and control (p=0.000<0.05) have no significant effect on performance of agricultural projects in Rwanda; were rejected, confirming that the risk management strategies have significant effect on performance of agricultural projects. The study revealed that there is significant effect of risk management practices performance of agricultural projects in Rwanda. It is recommended that beneficiaries of the REALMS project and similar initiatives remain actively engaged in risk management practices. Regular risk assessments, stakeholder collaboration, and adaptive risk responses are crucial for maintaining project success. Recommendations to future researchers focus on the fact that, future studies should explore the influence of socioeconomic factors, such as gender and education, on the effectiveness of risk management strategies. Understanding how these variables affect the adoption and implementation of risk practices will provide more tailored recommendations for improving agricultural outcomes and ensuring greater inclusivity in agricultural development projects. 

S Stakeholder engagement has been indicated as great driver for successful electrification projects in many countries, including settings similar to Rwanda. However, little is known about its influence on electrification projects in Rwanda. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how different strategies of stakeholder engagement influence performance of electrification project Musanze District, Rwanda, with a focus on RUEAP. Specific focus was on collaboration strategy, involvement strategy, empowerment strategy and consultation strategy. Stakeholder theory and Goal Setting Theory informed the study. The study used descriptive survey and correlational research designs. A structured questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect quantitative data from 452 participants who were selected using Stratified, random and purposive sampling from a target population of 4691. The questionnaire was piloted with 47 participants, representing 10% of the sample size. The Validity of instrument was done and the coefficient of 0.8 was obtained. Reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha test, and a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.899 was found. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of Correlation and Regression were done at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 28 while thematic content analysis of qualitative data was done on qualitative data.  The findings for four hypotheses were tested at ?=.05 level of significance and the results were: stakeholder collaboration (P=0.011<0.05); stakeholder involvement (P=0.015<0.05); stakeholder empowerment (P=0.000<0.05) and; stakeholder consultation (P=0.007<0.05) does not significantly influence performance of electrification projects were rejected, confirming that they all had a significant influence on project performance. The study concludes that Stakeholders’ engagement in electrification project in Musanze have significantly influenced the electrification project performance. It is recommended that RUEAP project should continue to prioritize stakeholder engagement during the implementation of the project, but greater emphasis must be considered to begin engagement during the planning stage to ensure that the project aligns with public needs and expectation. Future research should involve a nationally representative sample of stakeholders would paint a picture of how engagement influence performance that is generalizable to other settings across Rwanda. 

This qualitative research investigates the influence of servant leadership on the execution of strategic government initiatives, with a particular emphasis on the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) in Kwa-Thema. The project outcomes were investigated by collecting data from 10 participants using convenience sampling to investigate the impact of servant leadership traits, including empathy, commitment, empowerment, humility, ethical stewardship, long-term vision, and resilience. Thematic analysis was implemented to pinpoint critical themes and insights that were pertinent to the success and obstacles of the project. The research tackles a critical issue: project failures frequently result from inadequate leadership, which impedes team cohesion, collaboration, and overall performance (Swart et al., 2022). Additionally, the results suggest that servant leadership significantly improves project delivery by ensuring transparency, promoting collaboration, and aligning projects with community requirements. The impact of leadership on project achievement was discovered to be mediated by employee motivation and engagement. The study's limitations include its emphasis on a particular region and project type, which implies the necessity of conducting more extensive research. There are two recommendations: the integration of servant leadership principles into project management practices and the provision of targeted training for leaders to improve team dynamics and project outcomes.

This research in the construction industry aims to understand the characteristics of Leader's Innovativeness. The construction industry, which is a project-based organization, has several unique criteria, including: geographical challenges at the project site, intense competition, the importance of innovation created in a short time. Leader innovation is generated in a leader-member exchange (LMX) between leaders and followers in the form of an exchange of ideas and knowledge (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). This research is very important because innovation is an antecedent of performance, where according to Hobday (2000), leaders are known to have comprehensive general knowledge, while followers have deep specific knowledge. The higher the level of Leader's Innovativeness, the higher the quality of Innovation that will be applied to construction projects. This study takes the object of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) which are well-known in the construction sector in Indonesia which have branches in all corners of the region, so they are considered to represent the construction industry. This research uses descriptive statistical analysis method and involves a total of 121 projects spread throughout Indonesia at the time of data collection, with a participation rate of 97.52 percent. The results showed that the Leader's Innovativeness variable had a high level with a mean of 4.98, especially for Consideration on Risk & QCDof 5.15 and Considerations on Health, Safety and Environmental Security (HSE) of 5.03.

This paper aims (i) to establish the extent to which alternative risk transfer influence the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (ii) to examine how Contingent capital influence the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (iii) to To assess the extent to which Credit enhancement influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (iv) to determine the extent to which Hedging derivatives influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (v) to examine how Insurance influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. The study adopted the pragmatism paradigm, mixed-method approach, and descriptive correlational survey design while questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a census of 94 participants. This study recommends that project management and policymakers should integrate appropriate financial risk management instruments to improve the performance of hydroelectric energy projects besides developing targeted policies for strengthening the implementation of the financial risk management instruments to boost investors and lenders confidence