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Unemployment and crime are complex socio-economic problem in South Africa that attracts excessive attention from researchers because they are crucial issues worldwide. Since 1990, unemployment has been a problem, and this escalated after the end of apartheid. This occurred due to South Africa’s economic struggles with low growth. Long-term unemployment is linked to frustration, alienation, and breakdowns in social cohesion, primary in poorer communities. This social strain fosters criminal behaviour largely because such individuals exert power or generate much-needed cash from these illegal activities. By virtue of the lack of formal avenues of employment, these people are thus easily recruited through criminal networks or gangs that offer money and social identity for illegal activities. This study aims to evaluate and analyse the impact of unemployment in instigating crime in South Africa. The problem the researcher is addressing results from the alarming increase in youth unemployment and its assumed link to criminal activities, especially in underdeveloped or rural areas in South Africa. The study adopted a mixed research methods approach. A purposive sampling and cluster sampling were used to select participants. The researchers used semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis and quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It is envisaged that findings of this study may be used in the design and implementation of strategies and programmes to reduce unemployment and crime in South Africa. Further, the researcher makes some recommendations pertaining to addressing and reducing the high rate of youth unemployment and crime.

The study investigates the nexus between income inequality and crime in the two provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The study adopted a qualitative research approach, which combines both primary and secondary data sources, including interviews with nine participants and consultation with academic journals, monographs and reports, respectively. Thematic data analysis was utilised to analyse the participants' insights. The theoretical frameworks are relative deprivation theory and economic theory of crime. Inequality breeds social jealousy in societies and seemingly culminates in crime. The findings of this study revealed that the country’s history coated in apartheid and other factors are responsible for the high income inequality in South Africa, which in turn is a major factor influencing crime in the country. It recommended that through good leadership by the political class, objective anti-corruption drive and provision of infrastructure, the private sector would thrive so that they can provide more jobs. The study also recommended that good education and skill acquisition to promote the entrepreneurship capacity and employability of youths should be promoted.

The Covid-19 pandemic has profoundly transformed the competitive intelligence (CI) landscape across various businesses. The research examines the swift trend of competitive intelligence by bibliometric analysis. A total of 356 documents were picked from the Scopus database, covering the years 2020 to 2024, to delineate the domain of competitive intelligence and its research horizons.  Findings indicate a substantial shift towards digital transformation, improved data analytics, and an increased focus on agility and resilience in competitive intelligence initiatives. These findings illustrate the dynamic influence of CI and delineate the developmental trends, themes, and patterns for academic practitioners and policymakers, who must adopt these emerging trends to enhance, promote, and sustain CI longevity, operational efficiency, and capability within the swiftly evolving business ecosystem. Prevalent topics encompass digital transformation, agility, resilience, collaboration, networking, ethics, and compliance. Geographically, Asia, North America, and Europe dominate research production in CI during and after Covid-19, although emerging economies exhibit interest. Citation analysis identified prominent authors, providing direction for subsequent research. Nonetheless, research deficiencies and obstacles remain, particularly the necessity for additional empirical investigations, the amalgamation of competitive intelligence with big data, comprehensive competitive intelligence frameworks for small enterprises, innovation, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This bibliometric literature study seeks to analyse and synthesise the fast developments in CI during and subsequent to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyses major topics, approaches, and changes in CI practices through the examination of several academic articles. The study offers significant insights and underscores the transformative potential of CI techniques.

The doctoral programme is an educational programme put in place to earn the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). A criterion for assessing the successful administration of doctoral degrees in universities is the timely completion of the programme.  Research indicates that several Ph.D. candidates at Nigerian universities fail to finish their programmes within the anticipated five-year timeframe. This research examined the determinants of efficient administration of PhD programmes in universities in southern Nigeria. A sample of 528 respondents (PhD students, supervisors and coordinators) was drawn from the University of Ibadan 305, Olabisi Onabanjo University 38, Ekiti State University 50 and the University of Lagos 135. Two questionnaires titled “Effective Management of Doctoral Programme Questionnaire” (EMDPQ r=0.83) and “Predictors of Effective Management of Ph.D Questionnaire” (PEMPQ r=0.82) were used to collect data. Multiple regression analysis was used to test two null hypotheses at the significance level of 0.05. The research found that the successful administration of PhD programs in institutions in southwest Nigeria was significantly influenced by student, supervisory, and institutional variables (F(3;461) =25.973, Adj. R2=0.13), accounting for 13% of its variance. It was also shown that institutional (? = 0.277, t = 2.892, p < 0.05) and student-related (? = 0.275, t = 2.425, p < 0.05) factors are more powerful predictors of effective management of doctoral programmes than supervisory variables. The findings indicated that to improve the effective management of doctoral programmes in universities in southwest Nigeria, stakeholders should prioritise collaboration on student, supervisory, and institutional factors.

This review paper examines how digitisation has affected South Africa's skill development while comparing it to worldwide patterns. This examines the impact of digital transformation on training and development practices, particularly through the utilisation of online learning platforms, virtual reality, and augmented reality to enhance learning experiences and engagement, thereby facilitating improved skills acquisition while addressing cultural issues and the digital divide within a South African context. The analysis consolidates findings from literature and studies undertaken between 2020 and 2024, emphasising the improved accessibility to training materials enabled by digital platforms, particularly for underprivileged communities. Nonetheless, a major difference in the use of these technologies between urban and rural areas is evident, highlighting considerable obstacles associated with infrastructure and digital literacy. The review underscores the significance of culturally pertinent frameworks in the execution of digital skills training. Evidence indicates that these frameworks augment involvement and boost outcomes among varied people, addressing particular socioeconomic settings in South Africa. This research emphasises the need for inclusive and contextually relevant strategies to effectively incorporate digital technology into skills development projects by comparing case studies from both emerging and developed economies. The findings underscore that although digitisation has substantial potential for improving skills development, it is essential to tackle institutional constraints and guarantee equitable access to attain favourable outcomes across all communities

Job security and employee motivation are crucial factors that contribute to organizational stability, productivity, and overall success. This study explores the relationship between job security and employee motivation at Tronox KZN Sands, a mining and mineral processing company based in South Africa. Utilizing Social Exchange Theory (SET) as a theoretical framework, the research examines how perceptions of the workplace influence levels of commitment and job satisfaction among employees. Employing a quantitative research methodology, data was gathered from 100 employees through a structured questionnaire, with statistical analysis conducted using SPSS 30 software. It was noted that job uncertainty often arises from economic downturns, industry fluctuations, and organizational restructuring, which can result in diminished motivation and job satisfaction among employees. Additionally, the study identifies demographic variations in perceptions of job security, revealing that younger employees typically express greater concern about job stability compared to their older counterparts. Factors such as workplace support, transparent communication, and opportunities for career development significantly influence the interplay between job safety and employee motivation. Effective communication regarding job stability, investment in employee career advancement, and the promotion of a supportive work environment are essential measures that organizations can adopt. Companies can enhance employee morale, reduce turnover rates, and improve overall organizational performance by prioritizing these strategies. The findings of this study contribute to the broader discourse on the relationship between human resources and workplace dynamics, offering practical insights for policymaking in South Africa's mining regions, as well as for manufacturers and management professionals.

Social media has become a vital tool for entrepreneurs, enabling them to expand their reach, enhance brand visibility, and engage directly with customers. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn provide entrepreneurs with cost-effective ways to access global markets, promote their products, and foster meaningful relationships with consumers. While social media has facilitated the growth of entrepreneurship by lowering barriers to entry, challenges such as managing online presence, handling negative feedback, and addressing privacy concerns persist. This study aims to systematically review existing literature to explore how entrepreneurs can strategically leverage social media for growth, examining its economic benefits, challenges, and best practices. Findings from the review reveal that social media offers entrepreneurs substantial advantages, including increased brand awareness, enhanced customer engagement, and improved sales performance through direct sales features and promotional campaigns. Additionally, social media enables networking, resource acquisition, and business model innovation. However, challenges related to platform management, algorithm changes, and privacy risks must be navigated. Based on these findings, the study recommends that entrepreneurs develop a clear social media strategy, actively engage with customers, stay updated with trends, and leverage data analytics to optimise their marketing efforts. Building brand communities and fostering customer loyalty through personalised communication and consistent interaction can further support business growth.

This study explores the nexus between population growth and unemployment in South Africa from 2000 to 2023, a period marked by significant demographic changes and economic challenges. South Africa has experienced rising unemployment alongside rapid population growth, which has led to concerns about the country’s ability to absorb its expanding labour force. The aim of this research is to examine how population growth influences unemployment, considering additional factors like foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), and inflation. Using time series data from the World Bank, Statistics South Africa, and the South African Reserve Bank, the study employs the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test for stationarity, Johansen cointegration for long-term relationships, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to estimate the impact of population growth on unemployment. Key findings indicate that population growth has a positive and statistically significant relationship with unemployment, meaning higher population growth increases unemployment levels. Foreign direct investment also shows a positive effect on unemployment, while GDP and inflation exhibit negative but statistically insignificant relationships. Based on these findings, the study recommends strategic urban planning, family planning initiatives, and targeted policies to attract labour-intensive FDI. Additionally, the government should focus on economic diversification, supporting SMEs, and investing in skill development to create sustainable jobs. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics between population growth and unemployment in South Africa and offers insights for more effective policy interventions.

The suppression of women’s human rights is a significant and growing issue in South African communities. This is due in part to the persistence of cultural practices that endorse gender norms and perpetuate inequality. Such practices have far-reaching consequences that impact women’s physical, sexual, economic, and social wellbeing, among other things. This study aimed to examine the impact of cultural practices on the violation of women’s human rights in South African communities. Specifically, it seeks to understand how such practices are perpetuated and reinforced by the local context, how they affect vulnerable groups, and what measures can be taken to combat their harmful effects. The study used a qualitative exploratory research design, using a desktop approach. This method allowed researchers to explore the issue comprehensively and gain insights into the experiences of women in South African communities. The data was collected through reviews of literature. The data collected was analyzed thematically, with codes and categories developed based on the literature review and the research questions. The study generated new knowledge and insights into the impact of cultural practices on the infringement of women's human rights in South African communities. The study’s findings made a significant contribution to the body of knowledge on the subject, expanding our understanding of the cultural, social, and economic factors that perpetuate gender inequality in South African communities. This study provided the government and policymakers, and communities to address the infringements of women’s rights.

This study investigates the critical factors influencing social media adoption by rural Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, with a focus on supporting business survival and growth during the Covid-19 crisis. The Covid-19 crisis intensified existing challenges such as limited digital connectivity, financial constraints, and poor market access, highlighting the need for adaptive, cost-effective solutions. Social media became a vital tool for these businesses, enabling expanded market reach, improved customer engagement, and continued product promotion during uncertain times. A quantitative research approach was employed, gathering data from 374 rural SMMEs using a structured 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.779, p < 0.001) between broadband internet access, financial resources, and social media use, all critical factors for maintaining digital engagement and ensuring business continuity. The study advocates for increased public and private investment in rural broadband infrastructure to address the digital divide and emphasises capacity building programmes to enhance digital literacy and social media marketing skills among rural entrepreneurs. The findings offer actionable insights for policy and practice, supporting the long-term sustainability of rural SMMEs and promoting inclusive digital development in rural KZN. A Social Media Adoption Model is proposed to enhance the survival and growth of rural SMMEs during the Covid-19 crisis in KZN.

The rise of digital marketing has the potential to reshape consumer engagement and business strategies, particularly in rural retailing, where traditional marketing methods often dominate. This study examines the transformative and communicative impact of digital marketing in rural retailing, with a focus on Flagstaff, South Africa. A quantitative approach was employed, with questionnaires personally administered to retail store operators and management, achieving a response rate of 86.54% from the forty-five responses received out of the fifty-two distributed. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and factor analysis, were conducted using SPSS 27.0 to validate the data. The findings indicate that digital marketing plays a crucial role in transforming and sustaining retail businesses by enhancing brand perception, influencing consumer behaviour, and facilitating effective communication. To maximise these benefits, rural retailers should transform their operational strategies to effectively leverage online platforms for improved customer engagement. Additionally, policymakers should support local businesses through resources and training initiatives. Local communities also need to be supported through the development of infrastructure that enhances digital connectivity, ensures a reliable electricity supply, and provides access to devices. Workshops or informational campaigns aimed at improving digital literacy would also be beneficial for enhancing the diffusion of digital innovation in rural areas. This study provides valuable insights into how digital marketing can transform rural retailing, offering important implications for both practitioners and researchers.

The increasing unemployment rates in South Africa and other parts of the continent underscore the critical importance of youth involvement in entrepreneurship to sustain the economy and enhance living standards. Despite this, youth participation in entrepreneurship remains low. This study aimed to investigate the entrepreneurial cognition of opportunities and challenges among the youth in the South African context. Exploratory design using a qualitative research approach, focusing on a cross-sectional data collection method through structured online interviews was employed. A sample of twelve South African youth. The findings show that engagement in entrepreneurial activities remains limited due to significant cognitive challenges which stem from historical inequalities that have marginalized many from economic participation and from present systems that are less supportive of the youth. The study recommends promoting an entrepreneurial mindset focused on seizing opportunities and overcoming historical constraints to stimulate start-up creation and reduce unemployment.

Automated flow line manufacturing systems are becoming more relevant in the automotive sector.  Improving productivity in the manufacturing system is the core objective of all companies, measured by overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).  OEE is a measure of how well a manufacturing operation is utilised compared to its full potential during the periods when it is scheduled to run. Organisations have thus made technological changes in their processes that have led to opportunities for greater flexibilities.  This sentiment underpins the concept of automation.  Hence, this study examines the impact of automation for productivity improvement in the selected automotive assembly organisation in South Africa.  Automation is the creation and application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of products and services.  The study was quantitative in design and examined production and the related experiences of the automotive assembly organisation that has adopted automation system in its automobile roof process in weld plant for productivity improvement.  The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data.  The company operates in the eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.  The study was achieved by collecting pre- and post-quarterly data for labour productivity, process efficiency and downtime.  The results establish that labour productivity, process efficiency and downtime have a relationship and are statistically significant to company productivity after automation was implemented.  It has the potential to reduce errors, increase productivity and augment human capacity.  Hence, the original value of this study is its approach in uncovering strengths and weaknesses of automation for productivity improvement in South Africa. 

Technological advancements are becoming increasingly significant due to the poor production levels of enterprises in South Africa.  Consequently, businesses use technology modifications in their operations that create chances for enhanced flexibility and productivity enhancement.  This emotion supports a transformative concept of digitisation.  Digitalisation involves the separation of information and technologies designed to transform operational dynamics for enhanced corporate performance.  It serves as both an enabler and a catalyst for enhancing productivity.  This study investigates the impact of digitisation on productivity enhancement within a specific distribution sector of a food manufacturing company in South Africa. The study employed a quantitative approach to investigate production and the associated experiences inside the distribution division of a food manufacturing enterprise that implemented digitalisation to enhance productivity.  The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model was employed to analyse data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).  The corporation functions within the eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.  The study was conducted by gathering pre- and post-quarterly data on product picking accuracy, hourly product loading, product replenishment rate, and product release rate.  The results demonstrate a statistically significant association between the product release pace and the company’s production in the post-digitalization period.  Nonetheless, it fails to demonstrate the correlation between product picking accuracy, product loading per hour, or product replenishment rate and productivity.  A targeted organisational strategy on digitisation is expected to enhance the organization's performance. Digitising records enables the tracking of each phase of the production process, so maintaining transparency and instilling confidence in consumers.  Therefore, the primary significance of this study lies in its examination of the strengths and shortcomings of digitalisation for enhancing productivity in South Africa. 

The decline in labour productivity in the South African manufacturing industry is a course for concern.  The majority of South Africans expect greater prosperity that can be achieved through greater employment and high productivity.  Thus, the industrial sector turns to employees for innovative productivity improvement initiatives.  This sentiment underpins the concept of employee engagement.  Hence, this study examines the effectiveness of employee engagement for productivity improvement in the selected industrial packaging organisation in South Africa.  Employee engagement is the degree of dedication and involvement an employee has towards his/her organisation.  The study was quantitative in design and examined production and the related experiences of the industrial packaging organisation that have adopted an employee engagement strategy for productivity improvement.  The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data.  The company operates in the eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.  The study was achieved by collecting pre- and post-quarterly data for the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), spoilage rate and labour productivity.  The results establish that employee engagement philosophy does not have a relationship with OEE and labour productivity.  However, it has an influence on the rate of spoilage.  The original value of this paper is its approach in uncovering strengths and weaknesses of employee engagement for productivity improvement in South Africa. This includes leadership engagement and the alignment of employee incentives with productivity goals.

This paper examines the expanded function of business models in promoting organisational sustainability, emphasising their significant influence on strategic management and enduring environmental and economic viability. This study employs a comprehensive literature analysis to analyse data-driven business models and their congruence with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasising the significance of technology, innovation, and sustainability in contemporary business practices. The results demonstrate that sustainable business models promote economic growth, responsible consumption, and industry innovation while also making substantial contributions to environmental stewardship. The study specifically examines the Sustainable Development Goals of Decent Work and Economic Growth (Goal 8), Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (Goal 9), Responsible Consumption and Production (Goal 12), and Partnerships for the Goals (Goal 17). The study indicates that incorporating sustainability into business model innovation is essential for strategic success in the contemporary corporate environment. Sustainable business models are essential for organisations seeking to excel in environmental and social governance while ensuring economic success. This strategic integration revolutionises conventional business methods, guaranteeing that organisations not only endure but flourish by adjusting to global challenges and shifts in the economic environment.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the ability of Integrated Development Plan in achieving socio-economic development of communities in South Africa. The triumph of Integrated Development Plan is considered vital in improving the socio-economic development of communities in South Africa. South Africa has a reasonably new democratic arrangement that focuses on promoting an enhancement of communities,  over  projects  which  should  be  affiliated with the Integrated Development Plans of local municipalities. Nevertheless, local municipalities continue to perform inadequately which results in local communities’ unhappiness with the poor quality of services provided  to  them. The paper gathers information in respect of various scholars’ notions on IDP and achieving socio-economic development in integrated development planning from related articles, journals, and books. The paper is based on the literature review. The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) is a cornerstone of local governance in South Africa, designed to foster socio-economic development and enhance service delivery across municipalities. The IDP aligns municipal planning with national development priorities, offering a comprehensive framework to address local needs through participatory planning and decision-making. However, despite its objectives, the effectiveness of the IDP in achieving socio-economic development has been questioned, with implementation challenges hindering its success in many areas. A high number of populations in the upcoming years will be in developing countries, whose schemes are  ill-prepared  to  deliver  services  to  their local  communities,  and  therefore  more  emphasis  needs  to  be  placed  on  municipal  development  projects .The study recommends that local governments shift towards a commercial line, to smooth socio-economic development. This is because the contemporary commercial tactic has moved from  concentration on generating  revenue to a concentration on making of worth and reimbursements for diverse sponsors, and, as such, administrative lineups  and  ventures  must  be  established  to  accomplish  this  objective.

This paper aims to analyse the challenges and outcomes of “selling-to-finish” by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa. “Selling-to-finish” is a global problem that threatens SMEs everywhere. It entails an unconventional business strategy that deviates from the main goal of most businesses, which is to make profit. In South Africa, “selling-to-finish” in SMEs has a detrimental effect on the country’s economic development, growth, and efforts to combat poverty. The misunderstanding of “selling-to-finish” hinders the growth of SMEs. This is because SME owenrs mistakenly believe that having more clients who buy products and service equates to selling for a profit without doing the necessary calculations. “Selling-to-finish” puts at risk not only the expansion and advancement of SMEs but also the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1, which is to eradicate poverty and National Development Plan (NDP) vision 2030, which is to build a good economy and provides employment to all citizens. This chapter employed a desktop-based qualitative research. The paper argues that improper application of selling-to-finish causes major downfall of SMEs in South Africa. It found that the achievement of economic growth, development, and poverty reduction is seriously jeopardized by “selling-to-finish” in SMEs. As a result of “selling-to-finish”, SMEs face difficulties such as financial unsustainability, cash flow problems, decreased investment capacity, and competitive disadvantage. It recommends that SME owners should prepare well-informed monthly, quarterly, or annual cash flow statements. It goes on to advise SMEs to contract with outside firms to ensure that their cash flow figures are accurately prepared.

Ndayo (guidance of children) processes were inherent in the way the Vhavenda families raised their children. Concomitantly, the ndayo phenomenon is attributable to well-mannered children.  Ndayo starts from the family through to the community context in the form of initiation schools that simultaneously serve as rites of passage. The initiation schools were run as a collaborative process between families and knowledgeable community figures, as well as the royal household to accommodate well-behaved children as part of society.  A qualitative theory-generative exploratory, descriptive, and contextual design was employed in this study. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 entailed in-depth interviews with seven Vhavenda-speaking elderly persons who were from 60 years and above and who were community leaders known to have traditional programmes to pass on ndayo practices to Vhavenda children. The findings of Phase 1, together with the literature review were used to organise the conceptual framework for the revival of ndayo in Phase 2. This paper presents the conceptual framework that was validated by participants.  In presenting the proposed conceptual framework for the programme to revive ndayo, we start with outlining the reflective inputs of seven key informants about how ndayo processes were practiced in the olden days, followed by the current possibilities and possible challenges if the revival is to take place. We conclude by sharing our views about the importance of a collaborative process between mainstream schools and traditional schools and make recommendations that the ndayo content should be included in a collaborative curriculum development process.

The study investigates the impact of skills and concomitant competencies in enhancing claims management in order to ameliorate disputes in the South African construction industry. By evaluating the role of various skills and abilities, the study provided significant insights for optimizing claims management methods and enhancing project outcomes. The study adopted a mixed-method approach, combining a content analysis of industry reports, and legal precedents relating to construction claims management and skills development. Additionally, structured interviews and surveys were undertaken with key stakeholders in the construction sector. A total of eleven interviews and ninety-three (93) complete responses were retrieved from respondents including contractors, subcontractors, project managers, legal experts, and industry associations. These interviews and surveys attempt to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on the impact of skills on claims management procedures, including competency levels, training experiences, problems faced, and perceived outcomes. study underlines the need for investing in training and development programs to alleviate skills shortages and build a culture of competence among construction professionals. The conversation discussed the possible role of technology in complementing abilities and improving claims management efficiency. It is recommended that recognizing the crucial link between skills and claims management effectiveness, stakeholders may apply measures to limit risks, improve procedures, and ultimately increase successful project outcomes in the construction industry.