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Risk management is defined as the sequential planning and implementation of initiatives and programs to cope with institutions' and individuals' substantial losses and loss exposure and to secure their properties. The study aims to evaluate risk management's role in economic growth.  This was executed through the use of a desktop literature review. The use of Google Scholar was utilized to locate seminal references and journal articles that were pertinent to the study. Papers published within the past five years were used to meet the inclusion criteria.  One of the principal objectives of a risk management strategy is to identify risks, address risks, and eliminate risk items before they are deemed detrimental to a company's progress or a significant component of expensive modification to a company's processes. According to the study's findings, insurance companies benefit from economic expansion in their roles as institutional investors and as providers of insurance risk management and indemnification. The paper recommends that the government develop better mechanisms to substitute disaster victims for their losses. At the same time, public sentiment would compel the nation to implement ways of reducing the burden of catastrophes on the public treasury. The enactments that would follow would pave the way for the nation's brilliant economic growth and development. Furthermore, insurance companies must also participate in insurance venture that is both environmentally and client-friendly and also formulate insurance initiatives that can cover every segment and section of the economy.

Digital marketing practices have had explosive growth in the past decade, especially in the insurance sector of developing countries. In particular, the internet has been instrumental in providing digital marketing services to customers from the insurance sector. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to assess the effect of digital marketing practices on the performance of the insurance sector. A desktop literature review was used for this purpose. Relevant seminal references and journal articles for the study were identified using Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria entailed papers that were not over ten years old. The study found that the use of digital marketing strategies has a positive effect on the insurance sector's performance. Profitability improved, market share grew, and they expanded their market share. Increased customer loyalty and access to new markets are benefits of internet marketing for insurance companies. According to the findings, insurance companies should make IT infrastructure investments and implement technology-enhanced processes. Employers require adequate training on the use of e-business platforms, as well as collaboration with providers of digital services to enable them to store and market their products and services online. Aside from using traditional marketing methods (such as direct mail), the study advises general insurance companies to be innovative by implementing new strategies, such as digital marketing, to gain a larger share of their target market. This is because strategies for digital marketing have a positive impact on the overall performance of the insurance industry.

The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of marketing innovation on the performance of coffee cooperatives in Kenya. A descriptive research design was applied. The target population of this study was 525 coffee cooperative societies in Kenya registered with the Commissioner for Cooperatives and licensed by AFFA (Coffee Directorate) as of 30th of October 2016. The sample size was 227 respondents. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the selected respondents. The results revealed that marketing innovation and performance are positive and significantly related (?=0.674, p=0.001). This implied that significant changes in product design and packaging led to a positive change in the performance of coffee cooperatives. The study affirms that to improve performance by targeting the customers, constant improvements in how the company promotes its new products to capture the attention of new customers is a key aspect to be considered. The study recommends the management employ skills in developing clear operating procedures to run the business successfully, coordinate different areas of the business to achieve results and the ability and design jobs to suit staff capabilities and interests.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of online sports betting on the perceived economic wellbeing of student-athletes using the regression analysis with an interaction effect used to test the effect of demographic variables on the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between independent variables. The findings reveal that there was a positive and significant association3 between gambling severity and economic wellbeing. The study revealed that students’ sports bet online with large amounts of money to get the feeling of excitement. Sports betting leads to overspending which can disrupt home life to such an extent that it has some social effects such as the break-up of families. Sometimes due to sports betting the only deceptive course of action that seems to remain too often may lead the bettor to commit suicide.

This study investigates the effects of online sports betting on the perceived social wellbeing of student-athletes using a cross-sectional survey methodology with a sample of 38 universities. Findings of the study demonstrate that (i) there was a positive and significant association between gambling severity and social wellbeing, (ii) gambling severity and social wellbeing of students are positively and significantly related, (iii) demographic factors have a significant interaction effect on gambling severity and social wellbeing relationship. This paper also exhibited that gamblers were disappointed after online sports betting efforts and that fatigue and sleep disturbances were common after a loss or victory on online sports betting. Problem gamblers should be introduced to treatment or rehabilitation programmes that will help them to overcome their addiction to online sports betting.

This paper aims (i) to establish the extent to which alternative risk transfer influence the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (ii) to examine how Contingent capital influence the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (iii) to To assess the extent to which Credit enhancement influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (iv) to determine the extent to which Hedging derivatives influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya, (v) to examine how Insurance influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. The study adopted the pragmatism paradigm, mixed-method approach, and descriptive correlational survey design while questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a census of 94 participants. This study recommends that project management and policymakers should integrate appropriate financial risk management instruments to improve the performance of hydroelectric energy projects besides developing targeted policies for strengthening the implementation of the financial risk management instruments to boost investors and lenders confidence

Liquidity risk is the potential that an entity will be unable to acquire the cash required to meet its short and intermediate-term obligations. Deposit-taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisation (SACCOs) face liquidity risk when they are unable to fund their operations and lending requirements to their members as and when circumstances demand. Given that liquidity is a key phenomenon on the optimal functioning and financial performance of deposit-taking SACCOs, this study critically analyzed the effect of liquidity risk on the financial performance of DT SACCOs in Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey design and employed regression methods to model the relationship between liquidity risk and financial performance of DT SACCOs. The data were analyzed at a 5% level of significance. The study findings revealed that at a 5% level of significance, liquidity risk had a statistically significant influence on the financial performance of deposit-taking SACCOs. Basing on the findings, DT SACCOs are encouraged to focus on enhancing the mobilization of deposits to ensure that an asset portfolio that minimizes liquidity risk is maintained.

Benefactor organizations have greatly funded livelihood projects and programs in Kilifi County. However, these projects grapple with sustainability. Some halt operations instantaneously the funding is withdrawn. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of monitoring and evaluation (participation; tools; and timing and frequency) on the sustainability of donor-funded livelihood projects in Kilifi County, Kenya. The descriptive correlational research design was used with a sample of 170 from a population of 295 from three livelihood projects. Seven interviews and three focus group discussions were carried out. Standard deviations, standard error of means, arithmetic means, Pearson’s Product moment correlation, and linear regression were used. The perception of sustainability did not differ significantly with projects, gender, age, and marital status. However, perception differed based on the highest level of education and duration in the project. H0, r=0.458, p=0.000389<0.05 was rejected and concluded that monitoring and evaluation significantly influenced the sustainability of donor-funded livelihood projects. Participation in M&E and (p=0.000), frequency, and timing (p=0.024) had a significant while tools used in M&E (p=0.459) did have a significant influence on sustainability. This implies that corporate and individual knowledge of the project objectives, targets, and means of measuring project results were still critical in ensuring sustainability is attained. Simple templates of the logical framework should be used for the farmers to understand how inputs are converted into activities, outputs, outcomes, and goals. It is implied that the farmers had little knowledge of Likert items denoting tools in M&E. Therefore, simple and direct Likert items need to be chosen.

The purpose of the study was to examine how contingent capital influences the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. The study was underpinned on pragmatism paradigm which allows the use of a mixed-method approach and descriptive correlational survey research design. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used for the collection of quantitative and qualitative data from a sample size of 94 participants out of a target population of 94 subjects. A validity test was done on the instruments and a coefficient of 0.775 obtained using the Content Validity Index while reliability involved pretesting of the instruments amongst the 10% of the participants and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.781 obtained. The analysis was done using both descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of Correlation and Regression at a significance level of 0.05 with the aid of SPSS version 25 and thematic content analysis of qualitative data for triangulation. The hypothesis was tested using Simple linear regression and Pearson Correlation Coefficient models and the result was: H0: Contingent capital does not significantly influence the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05. Therefore, the study concluded that there is a significant influence of contingent capital on the performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. The study provides valuable knowledge on the effectiveness of contingent capital on the performance of hydroelectric energy projects for policy action and adoption by investors. It is recommended that Project management and policymakers should integrate Contingent capital to improve the performance of hydroelectric energy projects besides developing targeted policies for strengthening the implementation of contingent capital. Further research should be carried out on mechanisms of improving utilization of contingent capital in power projects in Kenya

Renewable energy investment has been underexploited in Africa and Kenya in specific due to financing constraints arising from investor’s negative perception of the regions high investment risk and low creditworthiness which retards the degree of private capital penetration. The purpose of the study was to assess the extent to which Credit enhancement influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. The study was underpinned on pragmatism paradigm which allows the use of mixed method approach and descriptive correlational survey research design. Structured questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a sample size of 94 participants out of a target population of 94 subjects. Validity test was done on the instruments and a coefficient of 0.775 obtained using Content Validity Index while reliability involved pretesting of the instruments amongst the 10% of the participants and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.781 obtained. Analysis was done using both descriptive statistic of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistic of Correlation and Regression at a significance level of 0.05 with the aid of SPSS version 25 and thematic content analysis of qualitative data for triangulation. Simple linear regression and Pearson Correlation Coefficient models were used to determine the influence between independent and dependent variable and the result H0: Credit enhancement does not significantly influence performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya was rejected since P=0.000<0.05.Therefore the study concluded that there is significant influence of credit enhancement on performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya. It is recommended that Project management and policy makers should integrate appropriate credit enhancement instruments to improve performance of hydroelectric energy projects besides developing targeted policies for strengthening implementation of the credit enhancement instruments to boost investors and lenders confidence. Further research should be carried out on the determinants influencing effective utilization of credit enhancement in power projects in Kenya.

The purpose of the study was to identify and rank the prevalence and severity of risk factors construction cost overrun in Public-Private Partnership projects using a case study of Sondu-Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project in Kisumu County, Kenya. This study adopted a descriptive design and collected quantitative data analysed quantitatively using descriptive statistics. In total, 85 persons were identified to have taken part in the management and implementation of the study from whom a sample size of 71 participants was obtained. Questionnaires were emailed to the participants providing details of the study and requesting their participation. The study ranked the risk factors based on prevalence and severity from most prevalently severe to least prevalently severe as design changes, emerging tasks affecting delivery, construction task breakdown structure, design variations and failure of contractors to complete different tasks. Thus, stakeholders should participate fully in the project from design to avoid design changes leading to cost overrun. During implementation, the contractor and construction manager should device mechanisms to anticipate changes in the political environment as such changes determines government policies and decisions affecting the project funding, design and scope.

The results of an evaluation should be used for the envisioned goal and the evaluation process and/or outcomes should be used in practice and decision making. This article presents research whose objective was to establish the extent to which stakeholder involvement in evaluations impacts the utilization of evaluation findings for program improvement. Guided by the pragmatic paradigm and supported by the Utilization-Focused Evaluation Model and Knowledge Use Theory, the researchers assumed a descriptive and correlational design using mixed methods. The sample size for this study was 232 project staff from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Kisumu Central Sub-County, Kenya. To analyze qualitative data, the open-ended responses from key informant interviews were recorded and coded appropriately for further analysis for themes through content analysis and comparative analysis. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to describe the basic characteristics of the quantitative data. To ensure the validity and reliability of the research instruments, pilot testing was conducted. Cronbach’s alpha at ? = 0.908 was attained as the reliability coefficient of the pre-test instruments. Tests of statistical assumptions were carried out before data analysis to avoid invalidation. A hypothesis was tested at the ? = .05 level of significance and was rejected. The findings demonstrate that there is a significant relationship between stakeholder involvement in evaluations and the utilization of evaluation results. This research, therefore, reinforces literature and helps to understand the ways in which stakeholder involvement in evaluations influences the utilization of evaluation results. It informs the evaluation field of study, fills gaps in the evaluation use literature, and contributes to the appreciation of factors that predict and enhance the utilization of evaluation results

Donor agencies have heavily funded livelihood programs in Kilifi County but these projects struggle with sustainability with some dying immediately the funding is withdrawn. The objective of the study was to establish how to support service linkage strategy influence the sustainability of donor-funded livelihood projects in Kilifi County. The study was guided by Discovery Learning theory; Diffusion of Innovation theory; Lippitt’s theory of planned change; and Theory of Stakeholder Management. A descriptive correlational research design was used. A sample size of 170 was selected from a population of 295 from three livelihood projects using Slovin’s formula. 7 interviews and 3 focus group discussions were carried out. Prior to data analysis, statistical assumptions were tested. Standard deviations, standard error of means and arithmetic means were used for descriptive analysis while Pearson’s Product moment correlation and linear regression, F-tests, and t-tests were used for inferential analysis using statistical package for social sciences. The mean perception of sustainability did not differ significantly with projects (p=0.192), gender (p=0.669), age (p=0.724), and marital status (p=0.284). However, there was a significant difference in mean perception of the sustainability of donor-funded livelihood projects among the different groups based on the highest level of education attained (p=0.011) and duration of stay in the project (p=000162). H0, r=0.383, p=0.000027<0.05 was rejected and concluded that support service linkages significantly influenced the sustainability of donor-funded livelihood projects. Therefore, policies should be reviewed to provide an enabling environment and culture that will support access to support services such as affordable extension services, affordable and readily available credit, markets. Future studies should use simple and direct Likert items with diverse projects.

In spite of the rise in the global adoption of public private partnerships, developing countries have failed to attract private investments in equally measure as their developed partners. This has impacted on infrastructural financing in developing countries. The current study sought to establish how market risks influence the performance of public private partnership renewable energy projects. The study adopted a pragmatic paradigm and employed a mixed methods approach, correlational and descriptive survey design. Quantitative data was collected by use of a self-administered questionnaire and while an interview guide was used to collect qualitative data after piloting and reliability established. A sample size of 263 respondents was drawn from a target population of 769 using the Yamane formula. For descriptive statistics the study used the mean and standard deviation. For inferential statistics the study used Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (r) and Multiple Regression while the F-tests were used in hypothesis testing. The study established a significant influence of market risks on the performance of public private partnerships renewable energy projects F (1,204) =104.689, P=0.000? 0.05.  H0 was consequently rejected. Based on this finding the study recommends hedging measures to promote public private partnerships

Human talent represents a source of competitive advantage. Yet the very people organisations would want to retain are the ones most likely to leave. What determines employee turnover is a vital question to organisations facing business continuity challenges. Through the prism of the Human Capital and Social Exchange theories, this study aimed at examining the influence of Talent Management practices on turnover intent among Research Scientists at the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. Data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire formulated based on extensive literature review. The study targeted 128 employees designated as Research Scientists at the time of conducting this study. Results indicate very high levels of engagement among Research Scientists at NMK. Though respondents understand how their performance is evaluated, the link between pay and performance appears unclear to them. Ample learning and growth opportunities do exist but identification of training needs is not methodical. The study also revealed a clear dissatisfaction with the total compensation package. Although majority of respondents believed that advancement opportunities existed, they were less confident regarding existence of equal opportunity for such advancement. Regression analysis of results indicated that of the six independent variables studied, only employee engagement had significant relationship with employee turnover intent. The study concludes that employee engagement is a critical factor in keeping employees in the organisation. It is recommended that NMK develops effective retention strategies to ensure that Research Scientists remain engaged and committed. An integrated rewards scheme incorporating non-financial factors, career development and work-life balance should form part of the strategy. In addition, a formalised induction program as well as a systematic learning and development scheme with individualised plans needs to be put in place.