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The purpose of this study was to explore the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among the Tanzanian Higher Business Education Graduates (HBE). The motivation for the study was because, despite the integration of entrepreneurship education (EE) in every degree programme, still many graduates had been unemployed. This cross-sectional study is based on primary data. An in-depth interview was conducted with a sample of 21 HBE graduates from various HBE institutions.  Primary data collection was done using in-depth interview guide questions physically done by the researcher.  Snowball and purposive sampling approaches were employed to identify respondents for this study. Content analysis method with the aid of NVivo version 11 software package was used to analyse the qualitative data. The study identifies five important antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions, namely, interpersonal traits, EE through competency-based training, planning and focus, successful groups which are close to a prospective entrepreneur, and government support. The findings task entrepreneurship educators, role models, close groups, professional supporters, and the government to concurrently foster the combinations of EE and other factors which were revealed to have the highest predictive power on entrepreneurial intention in the process of nurturing and psychologically developing the students’ entrepreneurial careers of self-reliance and self-employment. This research is novel and contributes to the body of knowledge in the existing antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions: given the emphasis on residual and new antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions essential for promoting the start-ups by the HBE graduates and enabling them to employ themselves.

This study sought to establish the moderating effect of social entrepreneurs’ gender on the contribution of social enterprises to social transformation in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey design guided by mixed methods research on 322 sampled social enterprises drawn from a target population of 1944 social enterprises distributed across the 12 sub-counties of Kiambu County. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and interview guide instruments.  A simple random sampling technique was used to get the proportionate sample for each stratum.  In data analysis, both descriptive statistics (mean, percentages, standard deviation and frequencies) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis) were applied. The findings showed the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable being explained by R of 0.568. The findings also revealed that social entrepreneurs’ gender was likely to have an effect on the relationship between social entrepreneurship and social transformation of R2 = 0.322. By the estimates of the F-test, social entrepreneurship was found to predict social transformation by F (3, 281) = 77.330, p<.05.

The study sought to assess the importance of classifying incubators based on the programs offered for optimum performance. Client selection criteria were assessed through three constructs namely: models that fit program goals, uniqueness of ideas, and standard selection tool. A mixed cross-sectional and causal design was adopted and a census was carried out targeting all the 51 incubators. Primary data was collected with an incubator program as a grouping/ cluster variable yielding a multilevel data structure with incubator centres nested in programs. Linear mixed effect models were fitted using Stata to assess the study objective taking into account the fixed effects for the incubator centre level (level-1) and random effects for the program level (level-2). The uniqueness of ideas was found to have a significant fixed effect on performance at level one while at level two, the study found significant random intercepts of incubator centre performance across the programs. Models that match program goals and standard selection tools were also found to have significant random slopes as level two random covariates in the model. Based on the findings of significant random slopes, the study concluded that incubator classification is key for client selection criteria and enhances incubator performance.

This study aims to (i) analyze desired characteristics of successful start-up entrepreneurs in Prachuap Kirikhan province, (ii) compare desired characteristics of successful start-up entrepreneurs in Prachuap Kirikhan province according to gender, age, educational background, investment, budget capital, entrepreneur experience, and a number of staff, and (iii) study additional suggestions. The research samples were 140- start-up entrepreneurs in Prachuap Kirikhan province derived through the Simple Random Sampling technique. The instruments used for collecting the data were the rating scale and open-ended questionnaire. Frequency, mean scores, Standard Deviation, t-Test, F-test, and content analysis were used for data analysis. The findings were (i) Desired characteristics of successful start-up entrepreneurs were at a high level (ii) Success of start-up business were ranked according to gender, educational background and number of staff and (iii) the additional suggestions were remarkably emphasized on using past and present experiences to adapt with the business; using technological advancement to reach a wider target group, and using new creativity and risk-taking to make a brand uniqueness.   

The Entrepreneurship Education Program (EEPs) of Indonesia’s higher education has not been effective. The study aims to identify the extent to which EEPs in Indonesia was developed and propose several alternative schemes. The research uses the methodology of traditional narrative literature review and interviews with young entrepreneurs as the output of the EEPs higher education program in Indonesia. The analysis technique is done with an interactive model with steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusions.  The literature study is intended for the latest research information that evaluates the effect of EEPs on the formation of EM and the formation of new entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the information is verified by the results of the interview data processing. Entrepreneurship education for multidisciplinary students, business incubators, funding provision, and program sustainability studies is the result of research as a proposal for the development of higher education EEPs. This program is part of a long-term solution to addressing labor problems in Indonesia.

Entrepreneurs become the foundation for a stable economic recovery. The health sector, especially nursing, can be transformed to be more innovative base on personal characteristics. The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of individual traits (locus of control, need for achievement, creativity & risk-taking) on entrepreneurial intentions in wound care clinicians in Indonesia. This study applied a cross-sectional survey design with 205 Wound Care Clinician in Indonesia and analysis using SmartPLS Version 3.0.  This research shows correlation and influence between the variables a direct need for achievement and creativity on entrepreneur intention, while locus of control and risk-taking are indirect. This study's results serve as a reference for wound care clinicians in making decisions to build their own business in nursing

Recognising the relevance of entrepreneurship, most African universities have made significant input into delivering Entrepreneurial Education in Higher Educational Institutions. However, the rising number of graduate unemployment raises concerns with regard to quality of educational content, and programmes. This study sought to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship course content on entrepreneurial intention and the mediation of individual entrepreneurial characteristics and also to investigate if graduates’ exposure to extra entrepreneurship training and university programme type does account for differences in individual entrepreneurial characteristics. A context-specific framework that explains entrepreneurial intention as a function of course content, programmes type, and extra entrepreneurial training is tested based on data from 400 undergraduate students and 400 graduates from eight Ghanaian universities. Evidence from the model reveals that entrepreneurial course content did impact entrepreneur Intention, however, this impact is partially mediated by the attitudes, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms of Ghanaian students and graduates. Again, while it was found that extra entrepreneurial training did account for differences in individual entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial intention of graduates, the difference due to programme type was not significant. Theoretical, policy and practical implications findings of this study are discussed.

The growing number of café businesses makes undergraduate students attracting to the enterprise. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) on entrepreneurial intention with the mediating role of attitude toward entrepreneurship. This study is providing questionnaires on the respondent. Total respondents are from 92 undergraduate students as the owner of a cafe business in Surabaya, Indonesia. This study examines two hypotheses by smart PLS. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy has a significant and positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Attitude toward entrepreneurial is partially mediating the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy with entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy includes beliefs about the capabilities of achieving desired outcomes as well as beliefs about one's abilities to complete tasks. ESE is crucial to building entrepreneurial intention because the survival of a business does not merely depend on success but also seeks opportunities in business development. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a crucial factor that should be had by the undergraduate student as an owner of a business. By having a higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the better impact on an entrepreneur has perceived competence for successfully starting a new enterprise.

This paper was anchored on a pragmatic research paradigm. The study used a cross-sectional survey where a self-semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect the primary data from the target population who were youth-owned SMEs. The study was limited to 135 youth-owned enterprises where 357 employees were selected randomly to form the study sample; the key respondents of the study were limited to owner-managers of small and micro enterprises and top management employees. The questionnaires were tested for reliability and validity. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between youth-owned. The study revealed that entrepreneurship networking has a significant effect on the performance of the agro-processing SMEs owned by the youths. However, there is a need for SMEs to further establish networks outside their business circle and seek networks with other bigger firms in the market. The study, therefore, recommends that there is a need for SMEs to invest more in social media marketing and networking of the SMEs for improved performance.

Science-based firms (SBFs) are venture or corporation based on the development and commercialization of scientific discoveries that are exposed to the unique challenge to handle together business and science. Despite extensive efforts in the attempt to identify those factors that lead to the success of an SBFs the adoption of different definitions and names resulted in a lack of comprehensive picture on the determinants of SBFs' performances. With the objective to review the extant literature on SBFs’ performances and to understand what are the most appropriate parameters to evaluate an SBF, a systematic literature review adopting a comprehensive definition of SBFs was performed. The review, adopting an integrative approach, identified 30 papers published in top journals whose research questions deal with the determinants of SBFs' performances. Findings showed that determinants widely used such as net income within profitability measures, do not fully reflect SBFs performances and innovation abilities should be further investigated. Moreover, preconceived factors such as location and size have low or no impact on SBFs which opens the debate for more investigation. Also, the review identifies a comprehensive and multi-level set of determinants which allows delineating a number of research questions to be addressed in future research.

This research was conducted to explore the factors predicting the Entrepreneurial Intention among female entrepreneurs in the Balinese tourism industry. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework was utilised as the mediating variables, while Exposure to Role Models, Psychological Characteristics, Entrepreneurship Education, and Access to Financial Capital are used as the exogenous variables. This study used a quantitative method by employing the Likert scale for the questionnaires with a total of 352 respondents and analysed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). This study found that Psychological Characteristics and Entrepreneurship Education had an indirect influence on Entrepreneurial Intention through the mediating variables of Personal Attitude and Perceived Behavioural Control. Access to Financial Capital was also found to have an indirect influence on Entrepreneurial Intention with the Perceived Behavioural Control as the mediating variable

The study analyzed whether family influence, gender, and entrepreneurial education would influence vocational students’ desire to become entrepreneurs. A survey was conducted in 6 vocational schools in Tasikmalaya, West Java, involving 246 vocational students. Using multiple regression analysis, findings show that entrepreneurial education has the highest influence (57.5%) shaping entrepreneurial intention among vocational students, while gender account for 30% influence on students’ entrepreneurial intention.  Male and female students believed that they must be given the same opportunities for entrepreneurship, yet there are feminine and masculine attributes that differentiate successful entrepreneurial plans between genders. Lastly, findings show that family background has the least influence (16%) on entrepreneurial intentions. Respondents disclosed that there are many choices open to them aside from being entrepreneurs, and they would opt for this choice instead of following their parents. Nevertheless, they believe in family support through advice and access to capital. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed. This study has shown evidence that entrepreneurship can be a solution to Indonesia’s high unemployment problem for young vocational students, but this entails better entrepreneurial education, the provision of gender-equal opportunities for males and female students, and enhanced family support for entrepreneurial ventures.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a critical role in addressing social ills like poverty, employment, and food insecurity; therefore, their growth prospects enhance their ability to address these social ills. Discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities amongst the agro-based NGOs has not got the desired attention, and it is the least researched area in social entrepreneurship. This study investigated the relationship between Entrepreneurial Opportunity Discovery Dimensions and Growth of Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya. It employed correlation design and was anchored on the Kirznerian Entrepreneurship Theory. The target population was 135 agro-based NGOs in Kenya. A mixed-method approach was used, combined qualitative and quantitative techniques. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS graphic-25) aided in the analysis. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS and Simple linear regression analysis were the primary analysis techniques used to evaluate the relationship between entrepreneurial opportunity discovery dimensions and the growth of NGOs. The results indicated that alertness0.372, p=0.033)and prior knowledge (0.163, p=0.031) have a significant favorable influence on growth, while social networks 0.047, p=0.713) showed an insignificant effect on the growth of NGOs. Investing in acquiring alert individuals and helping them gain relevant knowledge in the 21sttechnologies and emerging issues can lead to increased NGO ability to continue serving the community effectively and be engines of development for the general good of Kenya.

Social entrepreneurship is a potential alternative to address social problems but social business still needs to be strengthened to provide far-reaching impact. One strategy to flourish is benchmarking against successful social enterpreneurs because previous studies show that entrepreneur’s competence is a determinant of small-medium business performance and growth. Social entrepreneur competencies which drive social business success and how these competencies are developed, unfortunately have not clear yet. This study aims to build a competency model for social entrepreneurs and to find out pattern (in method, period, sources) for developing competencies by studying successful Indonesian social entrepreneurs. The reports on social entrepreneur competency model presented in this paper. This research adopt qualitative approach using multiple case study design. Data collected by indepth interviewing 29 informants, studying documents and conducting field observation in eight cities. Results show that successful social entrepreneurs have shared competencies which indicate existence of social entrepreneur competency model. The result of this study complements empirical studies in social entrepreneurs’ competencies by showing competencies that drive success of social business i.e: Achievement orientation, Persistence, Initiative, Courage to take opportunities, Networking, Influencing others, Team leadership, Developing others, Teamwork-Colaboration, Orientation to help and serve others, Mission orientation, Affiliate interest, Creative problem solving. The finding has direct implication on social entrepreneur education and development programs included method, materials, design and sources of development because the competencies determine the success constitute mostly of attitudes, motives and traits instead of knowledge and skills.

Abstract  This study was aimed at investigating how Ethiopian universities integrate entrepreneurship education into the formal curriculum. To achieve this objective descriptive survey research design was used. Data were collected from university students, instructors, and department heads. Accordingly, four universities were selected as sample universities by using simple random sampling technique. From these sample universities departments that give entrepreneurship course with all its students, instructors and department heads were taken as sample of the study. Data were collected by using questionnaire, interview, and document analysis from the participants. The result shows that in Ethiopian higher education institutions, entrepreneurship education curriculum and teaching methods is developed in house; have no a formalized national or international exchange of good practice in entrepreneurship education and did not include entrepreneurs in the development of entrepreneurship teaching materials. In addition, since the entrepreneurship education course is not integrated to all programs only few students took it as a result students did not  develop entrepreneurial behavior, skills, knowledge in their stay in the university. The predominant methods of teaching used were lecture and case study. The major barriers for the development of entrepreneurship education identified are lack of funding available to support the entrepreneurship education and good-quality entrepreneurship education materials, lack of support from the top management and lack of strategic integration of entrepreneurship education in their institutions.   

The previous research reveals the significant influence of entrepreneurial competencies on entrepreneur's performance. This finding indicates that there should be further exploration of entrepreneurial competencies. This study aims to determine the entrepreneurial competencies regarding the process. Moreover, this research uses the quantitative approach with non-parametric structural equation modeling. The population of this study is the creative industry in Bandung. The research samples are 119 entrepreneurs in the creative industry. This study finds that some competencies are the components that create the entrepreneurial competencies of creative industries entrepreneurs in Bandung. The components are Relationship Competencies, Opportunity Competencies, Strategic Competencies, Human Competencies and Personal Strength Competencies. The research implication recommends increasing the value of the creator's components of entrepreneurial competencies.  Hence, they have implications on the performance of MSMEs in the sector of creative industry in Bandung.

Manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are the breeding ground for human capital competencies, creativity and innovation, which are important inputs for manufacturing competitiveness. In Kenya, manufacturing SMEs contribute 14% of gross domestic product (GDP), and train and employ 30% of the workforce. However, their growth and competitiveness are undermined by challenges in the firms’ operations management. Consequently, the firms struggle to survive as competitive enterprises, both domestically and globally. The purpose of this study was to establish how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) enhances the relationship between operations management and firm performance. Quantitative primary data were collected from managers of 83 firms registered by the Kenya Association of Manufacturers in the food and beverage sub-sector using a self-administered questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data for relationships between the study variables. The study found a positive relationship between operations management and EO, and between EO and firm performance. The study also found that EO is a mediator of the relationship between operations management and performance of manufacturing SMEs in Kenya. The study recommends that for manufacturing SMEs to effectively deploy operations management competencies and gain global competitiveness, they must engage EO as a strategy to foment organisational experimentation and exploration and commercialize the resultant innovations. At the macroeconomic level, the government should support manufacturing SMEs through enactment and promotion of policies that enable operations managers to exploit their firm’s EO stock.

Globally, countries are strategically positioning themselves for market leadership due to dynamic business environment. Entrepreneurial spirit is seen as the strategy that will deliver this agenda.  This spirit, is believed to be behind the innovative business that revolutionizes the business world. In a dynamic and complex environment, the success of any business is pegged on the entrepreneurial operations of a firm.  Entrepreneurial-oriented firms have been proven to be ahead of competition because they are always introduced new products and services and in turn improve their financial results. Scholars believe that learning and development can occur amongst people who actively engage in a common enterprise. This makes learning empowering and productive and thus sustains entrepreneurial orientation. This in turn produces communities of entrepreneurial practice. The role of the entrepreneurial manager is to nurture communities of growth-oriented firms where entrepreneurial learning takes place. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between entrepreneurial management and performance of incubator centres in Kenya. The study used a correlation design because it focused on a causal-effect relationship. The study population was 41 incubator managers in Kenya. After missing data analysis two respondents were expunged leaving 39 respondents. Secondary data was obtained from published sources such as company reports, manuals and research done by other scholars. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach was used to analyze the measurement model and test the hypothesized relationship in this study.  Simple linear regression model was used to measure the strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial management and performance incubator centre in Kenya. The joint effect model results indicated that entrepreneurial management had a significant relationship with performance of incubator centre.

Business incubators are regarded as entrepreneurial hubs, unleashing entrepreneur’s ideas and businesses into the market, in turn, jobs are created and the economy of the area is improved. Due to the stiff competition for placement into an incubator program it is imperative for incubator management come-up with strategies of being more efficient and effective in utilizing resources to achieve superior performance. Hence the need to critically select clients, whose ideas fit the incubator’s mission and upon graduation create high growth businesses, with a higher survival rate of 90%. The study is anchored on Resource Based Theory. The study used a correlation design that focused on causal relationship of client selection criteria and incubator centre performance (ICP). The study population was 41 incubator managers in Kenya. After missing data analysis two respondents were expunged leaving 39 respondents. Secondary data was obtained from published sources such as company reports, manuals and research done by other scholars. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach was used to analyze the measurement model and test the hypothesized relationship in this study. Simple linear regression model was used to measure the strength of the relationship between client selection criteria and performance incubator centre in Kenya. The results of the combined effect model indicated that client selection criteria had a significant relationship with performance of incubator centres.

Women’s entrepreneurship is important for women’s position in society, and for economic development of a country. Many scholars pointed out that women faces diverse challenges in doing business in a patriarchal society like Bangladesh. Women are now involved in economic activities than in the past, women constitute around 10 percent of the country's total business entrepreneurs. The present study is an effort to find out the factors which act as pull and push factors to engage women in entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. In this study mixed method approach has been chosen. To attain the objective of the research researchers relied solely on the secondary sources. The study revealed that Government agencies provide policy, legal and financial support with active support from non-State actors. On the contrary, they do not get proper support from all relevant institutions because of corruption and lack of information. It is suggested that combined initiatives of Government and non- government institutions will be successful in meeting the needs of business women in Bangladesh.