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This paper aims to develop a conceptual and measurement framework for assessing environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure quality in Nigerian banks. It also aims to demonstrate how ESG disclosure quality can be distinguished from ESG disclosure quantity, ESG performance, ESG practices, ESG ratings and sustainability reporting. We employed a conceptual review and framework development approach by synthesising stakeholder theory, institutional theory, Nigerian sustainable banking regulation, international sustainability reporting standards and related banking literature. The materials analysed include the CBN Sustainable Banking Principles, SEC Sustainable Financial Principles, NGX Sustainability Disclosure Guidelines, Nigeria’s IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards adoption roadmap, IFRS S1/S2, GRI, TCFD, PCAF, the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision and literature on ESG disclosure, banking risk, financial stability and disclosure quality. The main findings of the study demonstrate that: (i) ESG disclosure quality is a distinct construct; and (ii) bank ESG disclosure quality should be assessed across environmental, social and governance dimensions. The paper proposes the ESG Disclosure Quality Index framework which provides a graded 0–5 scoring scale and three empirical model specifications for future panel data studies. The framework provides a basis for assessing ESG disclosure quality and examining its relationship with bank-level outcomes in Nigeria and comparable emerging market banking systems.               

Using Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) scores compiled by the Boost Awards international company for 77 UK companies listed on the FTSE100, the paper explores the impact of CSR on companies’ cash and investment decisions. The analysis is based on the system-GMM estimation methodology, spanning the period 2006 to 2023. The empirical analysis provides direct evidence that suggests that CSR award is directly and positively associated with corporate cash holdings, with such awards also having a positive effect on corporate investment decisions. The findings survive certain robustness tests in relevance to the distinction between mature and growth firms, although they are stronger in the case of the growth firms, and an alternative definition of CSR. The findings are highly important for company managers, investors and regulatory authorities. Managers in awarded CSR firms with better investment opportunities hold more cash because financial distress is more costly for their firms. In addition, firms with more cash holdings are less likely to default on their financial obligations, hence this evidence also implies that investors may give priority to invest in such high-performance CSR firms. Regulatory authorities should also consider that CSR activities enhance value of firms’ cash holdings and improve stakeholders’ relations.

This study aims to assess the impact of exposure to Carbon Emission Disclosure (CED) and the level of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions on the valuation of companies operating in the Indonesian banking sector. This in-depth study also evaluates the influence of capital structure and intellectual property assets. In addition, this study explicitly examines how financial performance moderates the relationship between these variables and the company's value. Using a quantitative research method, this analysis observed a sample consisting of banking entities listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2024. The theoretical framework underpinning this research comprises Legitimacy Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Signal Theory, Preference Order Theory, and the resource-based view (RBV). The results reveal that transparent disclosure of carbon emissions and the accumulation of intellectual capital positively influence the company's value, while GHG emissions and leverage have adverse effects. Crucially, financial performance (ROA) moderates these relationships by weakening the positive impact of carbon disclosure and buffering the negative impact of GHG emissions but does not significantly moderate the effects of capital structure or intellectual capital. These findings offer practical guidelines for banking management to align environmental sustainability practices with financial strategies to enhance corporate value.  

Climate change is increasingly recognised as a significant threat to economic development. As efforts to transition to a low-carbon economy continue to intensify, there is a growing realisation among proponents of sustainable development that public sector organisations need to disclose climate risks and opportunities associated with their operations.  Climate risk disclosures in the public sector offer countries unique insights and opportunities to pursue a sustainable path toward a low-carbon economy. Although there are many studies on climate-risk disclosures in the private sector, studies on the public sector are scarce. A systematic review of academic and grey literature was used to analyse the potential of adapting the TCFD framework to the public sector of South Africa. The study found that the TCFD recommendations provide a globally standardised approach to climate risk disclosure, allowing comprehensive reporting and comparison of climate-related information between sectors and entities to promote climate resilience and transition to a green economy. To effectively implement the recommendations of the TCFD in the public sector of South Africa, improved capacity building, strong legal and institutional frameworks, bold multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approaches, adequate budget support and strong advocacy and communication efforts are needed. The study will be important to the IPSASB and other stakeholders to develop sustainability reporting standards for the public sector, as well as promote climate risk disclosures by government entities. 

Sustainability has become a key focus for many small manufacturing enterprises, especially as they face growing pressure to operate responsibly in economic, social, and environmental terms. This study explores how the three elements of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) work together and influence each other in shaping sustainable practices. Rather than looking at these elements in isolation, the study focuses on how they interact within small manufacturing enterprises and how this interplay can create new opportunities for improving sustainability. Using both theory and practical insights, the study identifies ways in which organizations can better align their strategies to achieve long-term value and stability. The findings show that when the TBL elements are balanced and connected, organizations are more likely to succeed in building resilience and meeting broader sustainability goals. This study offers practical guidance for leaders and decision-makers who want to use the TBL framework not just as a reporting tool, but as a way to guide meaningful change. A scientific questionnaire was distributed to 450 small manufacturing enterprises who were chosen on a stratified probability sampling method. The research data were subject to correlation analysis.

The study aims to develop a framework for stakeholder management planning to guide entities in using holistic structured and tailored approaches that effectively guide stakeholder management. The study was inspired by perceived inadequacies of current frameworks to provide actionable solutions to stakeholder management planning. The study is underpinned by pragmatism and involves mixed methods research consisting of quantitative and qualitative approaches. A stratified random sampling method is used with the target population being 55 companies listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange covering the period 2019-2023. The theoretical framework was anchored on the stakeholder theory by Edward Freeman (1984).  Questionnaires (n=215) are analysed using SPSS version 26 while 12 semi-structured interview guides are analysed using NVIV0 version 14 with 10 local corporate governance practitioners validating the framework. The Quantitative techniques used are Cronbach alpha, exploratory factor analysis, regression and ANOVA.   Findings were that variables from the study namely the definitive / latent criteria, communication, engagement and collaboration sub-plans are sufficiently positively related to stakeholder management planning and several sub-themes emerged around them to produce a holistic framework of stakeholder management planning. The framework is expected to see the improvement of stakeholder management planning in practice.

Idiosyncratic risk refers to a distinct category of risk that impacts individual firms and is shaped by multiple aspects, including carbon performance and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures. This risk, particularly concerning environmental sustainability, can provide considerable hurdles for companies. This study aims to examine the influence of carbon performance and ESG disclosure on idiosyncratic risk, with the speed of adjustment serving as a moderating variable. This research examines coal production firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2021 to 2023, with a sample of 26 companies selected through purposive sampling. This research utilizes quantitative methodologies, specifically multiple linear regression and a moderating variable approach. Data is derived from annual reports, financial statements, and sustainability reports of coal firms, as well as information from investing.com and the Katadata Corporate Sustainability Index. The data indicate an inverse correlation between carbon performance and idiosyncratic risk, as well as between ESG disclosure and idiosyncratic risk, suggesting that organizations with superior ratings in both domains encounter diminished idiosyncratic risk. Moreover, whereas the speed of adjustment does not reinforce the connection between carbon performance and idiosyncratic risk, it does augment the association between ESG disclosure and idiosyncratic risk.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) -related information has become a primary non-financial consideration for investors. Carbon Auditing has emerged as a significant accounting framework for providing ESG information. As climate change intensifies, the demand for transparent and accurate carbon auditing has risen. This Study aims to understand how emerging carbon auditing could proactively prevent future scandals, e.g., Volkswagen's Diesel gate Scandal, and mitigate environmental risks. This paper examines the level at which carbon auditing effectively curbs emissions, considering Volkswagen's "Dieselgate" scandal as a case study. It assesses how well carbon auditing works in controlling environmental risks and discusses how enhancements in carbon accounting in the future can help avoid such scandals. The Study was conducted through case study analysis and scenario analysis. The Study found that the Diselgate Scandal reduced share prices, raised awareness through Academia, and produced some policy implications. Scenario 1 analysis shows that a lack of carbon auditing triggers environmental degradation, leading to financial losses. On the other hand, in scenario 2, the Study shows that continuous monitoring leads to long-term financial stability.

This paper explores the relationship between environmental, social, and governance performance (ESGP) and firm value in both emerging and developed economies, with the moderating impact of environmental uncertainty and competitive advantage. Using secondary unbalanced data spanning from 2011 to 2022, we examine both the direct and non-linear effects of ESG performance on firm value, employing advanced econometric estimation techniques such as two-step system GMM (2sGMM) and two-stage least square (2SLS). The analysis finds that: (1) ESG performance positively influences firm value in both Chinese and US banks, and the results remain valid after robustness test; (2) The results also confirm that ESG performance non-linearly influence firm value across the samples, with an inverted U-shape relationship; (3) Additionally, we further investigate the moderating effects of environmental uncertainty and competitive advantage, uncovering that environmental uncertainty dampens the ESGP-firm value relationship, while competitive advantage further amplifies it. This study contributes to the understanding of how ESG performance can act as strategic assets that align managerial and stakeholder interests, and improve firm performance, by underpinning agency, stakeholder, and the resource-based view theory. Practical insights are also provided for policymakers, regulators, and financial institutions regarding the use of ESGP as a competitive tool in uncertain and dynamic market environments.

ESG (Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance) criteria are becoming increasingly important for companies to activate risk management and create long-term value within the framework of issues such as environmental concerns, expectations, reporting obligations, circular economy, regulatory compliance and investment demands. This study aims to explain how ESG scores and a company's financial performance affect credit risk. A company's ESG performance plays an important role in determining its credit score, which is directly reflected in its financial success and risk profile, and in strategic decision-making processes for investors and policy makers. The study determined that the balance between ESG performance and credit scores should be well understood, especially that high ESG scores may not always mean low financial risk, and that the long-term benefits of ESG investments should be well understood, as they will increase short-term costs.

Firm value is a very important because the success of management in managing a firm is reflected in the firm value. With the uncertainty of global economic conditions in recent years, Companies have faced challenges in maintaining or increasing firm value. Companies must have a strategy in order to increase the firm value by paying attention to financial and non -financial factors. This study aims to test and analyze the effect of ESG performance, capital structure, firm size on firm value with profitability as a mediation variable. Sampling techniques in this study uses saturated sample because all populations included in the sample criteria that used in research as many as 15 companies listed in the ESG Leaders index for the 2020-2023 period. Research data analysis using multiple linear regression methods and path analysis with SPSS programs. The results showed that ESG's performance, capital structure had a significant positive effect on firm value while firm size had a significant negative effect on the firm's value. Profitability as a mediation variable could mediate the effect of ESG performance, capital structure, firm size on the firm value.

Climate-related concerns have drastically made companies realize the need for better environmental regulations and consolidate them in corporate business strategies such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR improves firm performance by valuing the stakeholders' interests and substantially achieving a competitive advantage over competitors. Recognising a firm's competitive advantage in the market indicates performance and might help the company perform better. The objective of this research  is to provide concrete proof related to how CSR affects competitive advantage and its effects on company performance, especially financial performance in SMEs in Bali Province. This study uses primary data in the form of questionnaires distributed to SMEs both directly and online. The sample of this research is the manager / owner of SMEs in Bali Province. Data analysis tools using SmartPLS 4.0. The study's findings indicate that CSR has a direct impact on financial performance  (SMEs) and CSR indirectly affects the financial performance (SMEs) through competitive advantage. Competitive advantage was found to partially mediate the impact of CSR and financial performance (SMEs). These findings will be used by SME managers in Bali Province in order to enhance the company's financial performance by considering the use of CSR strategies and strengthening competitive advantage. Implementing CSR can help a company become more competitive and separate itself from competitors by providing an innovative product or service. Finally, corporate social responsibility (CSR) can give a company a competitive advantage by strengthening its marketing abilities, which leads to improved performance.

This research aims to determine the influence of firm size, profitability, leverage, and board size on Islamic social responsibility. The population in this research are companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2020–2022. In this research, we will see the simultaneous and partial influence and the dominant variables using data analysis tools in the form of multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination, hypothesis testing using the F test and t-test, and the classical assumption test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded as follows: Simultaneously, firm size, profitability, leverage, and board size influence Islamic social responsibility. Partially, it can be seen that not all variables have a significant effect on Islamic social responsibility. Firm size and leverage influence Islamic social responsibility, while profitability and board size have no influence. 

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of green accounting practices and carbon emission disclosure on environmental performance and firm value: moderated by firm size (study on mining companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange). This research uses quantitative methods. The population in this study were 38 IDX mining companies for the period 2018-2022. Sample selection was used using purposive sampling method, so that the sample in this study was 29 IDX Mining sector companies for the period 2018-2022. The conclusion of this study is (i)Green Accounting Practices has a positive effect on Environmental Performance; (ii)Carbon Emission Disclosure has a positive effect on Environmental Performance; (iii)Green Accounting Practices has no effect on Firm Value; (iv)Carbon Emission Disclosure has no effect on Firm Value; (v)Environmental Performance has no effect on Firm Value; (vi)Firm Size strengthens the relationship between Environmental Performance and Firm Value.

Using A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2010 to 2019 and the density of Confucian temples and schools near sample company headquarters, this paper uses regression analysis to estimate the impact of Confucian culture on corporate environmental governance.  Enterprise environmental capital investment as a percent of total assets is the dependent variable used as a proxy for environmental governance. The log of the number of the number of Confucian temples and Confucian academies within a 200-kilometer radius of the company's registered location plus one is the independent variable. This study finds that the environmental capital expenditures increase by 0.007% for every unit increase in the independent variable. Similar results are found when the radius is expanded to 300 kilometers. The greater the influence of Confucian culture is, the more inclined enterprises are to participate in corporate environmental governance. Additionally, environmental governance information disclosure can be a key influence path for this correlation.  Further analysis finds that the relationship between Confucian culture and environmental governance is stronger with more experienced managers, a more developed institutional environment, and after 2015 following the People's Republic of China’s enactment of the Environmental Protection Law.  This study expands the literature on the factors that influence Confucian culture on corporate environmental governance, enriches the empirical evidence of the influence of the informal system of corporate environmental governance on enterprise decision-making, and confirms the modern commercial value of Confucian culture. 

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the adoption of responsible business practices concerning economic, environmental and social principles, is a tool to develop market value for various stakeholder groups. CSR can create several competitive advantages and should not be seen as a cost, but as a strategic initiative to aid organisations in competing in the market. Effective internal CSR communication to employees enhances an organisation’s corporate identity (CI) – ultimately affecting employees’ attitudes and behaviour. This paper aims to explore South African retail employees’ perceptions of internal CSR communication methods used by their organisations. A dataset of 229 employees participated by completing a computer-aided self-administered survey, which was distributed via LinkedIn. The main findings of the study indicate that employees perceived their organisations to make use of e-mail communication, internal newsletters, web and social media platforms to communicate with them regarding CSR, indicating that other internal communication platforms such as intranet or internal meetings can be utilised more to communicate with employees.

A significant challenge facing companies is to identify and implement sustainable best practices within their corporate strategies in order to align with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aims to assess companies' perspectives on sustainable development and their approaches to its integration, focusing in particular on the social dimension. The research aims to examine the reporting of the SDGs adopted and implemented by four listed companies. Using a case study methodology, this article analyses the sustainability reports of OMV Petrom, One United Properties, Sphera Franchise Group and Alro for the year 2022. In addition to sustainability disclosure requirements, these reports provide information on the impact of companies on environmental, social and governance factors. Specifically, the inclusion of information related to the SDGs in the sustainability reports of these four companies differentiates them, as they represent a minority among Romanian companies in reporting such data. The novelty of the study consists in its contribution to the existing literature by providing an insight into the sustainability practices adopted and implemented by major Romanian companies.

ESGs, or sustainable business practices, are becoming more and more popular as more stakeholders, regulators, and investors want to conduct business in a way that helps address urgent global issues like environmental degradation, climate change, ethical supply chains, and global well-being. Consequently, while making investment decisions, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors are given more weight in the operational and strategic objectives of the organization. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between a company's financial success and market value and its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. This research uses financial performance as a mediating impact and integrates the risk mitigation element, which is the foundation of sustainability. Data from publicly traded businesses on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with ESG risk from Sustainalytics and ESG ratings from Refinitiv were used in the study. Purposive sampling was the sampling approach utilized to acquire 48 observation firms for empirical testing. The results indicate that only the individual environmental ESG score has a positive and significant impact on financial performance and company value, whereas the composite ESG score has a positive and substantial impact on financial performance. The finding of this study is that the improvement of corporate ESG performance can increase corporate value, and corporate financial performance provides an obvious mediating effect. The findings further show that low-risk ESG scores have an impact on increasing firm value with financial performance as the mediation.

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether there are differences in the impact of corporate social responsibility on its financial performance and stock performance in different industries. The research period is from 2016 to 2018. The samples are selected from the corporate social responsibility award-winning companies selected by Commonwealth Magazine and Vision Magazine, and the financial information comes from Taiwan Economic News (TEJ). The empirical results show that traditional heavy industries have been established for a long time and the equipment is relatively old, so it needs to pay a relatively high cost to improve. Therefore, in this type of industry, corporate social responsibility has a negative impact on its financial impact, and even if it is a reputation It has won the evaluation of the public, but its stock characteristics are not easy to fluctuate, so the impact on its stock performance is not significant. On the contrary, in the other two industries, corporate social responsibility will not burden its financial performance, but will positively help its stock performance. Among them, in the electronics industry, corporate social responsibility will positively help its financial performance. It may be that this type of industry has a relatively high bargaining power for products and relatively advanced technology, so it can transfer the cost of corporate responsibility invested to the selling price of the product.

The specific goal of this study is to find out how retail investors consider company ESG issues while making investment decisions, with their moral awareness (MA) serving as a moderator. The framework's foundations are the norm activation model (NAM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The report is based on a questionnaire survey that was completed by 599 retail investors in Dhaka and Chattagram, Bangladesh. To examine the data and verify the theories, the PLS path modeling approach is employed. Six hypotheses are investigated using structural equation modeling; five are found to be significant and one to be non-significant. All of the hypotheses are positive. The findings of the research demonstrate that when making investment decisions, investors take a company's social, environmental, and governance issues into account. The moral awareness of investors seems to influence their investment decisions as well. By presenting empirical data on the relationship between business ESG issues and investment decisions with moderating impacts on investors' moral awareness, the paper advances the field of behavioral finance research. It implies that corporate advertising tactics may support global reporting requirements, draw impact investors, and promote moral and environmental education. To safeguard ESG concerns and promote sustainable growth of the capital market and economy, governments should enact laws, rules, and directives.