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Bullying is the aggression, violence, and threats that are targeted at the victims who are perceived to be weak. Learners living with disabilities are not immune to the phenomenon of bullying. Due to their vulnerability, they are targeted by bullies within the learning environment. Learners living with disabilities are targeted physically, emotionally, and through the use of technology. Learners fear reporting incidents of bullying because of the lack of action and consequences for the perpetrators of bullying. There is a huge increase in bullying incidents at schools against learners living with disabilities because of the inability to report the violence and harassment caused by the perpetrators to the victims of bullying. The learners living with disabilities are being taken advantage of by the perpetrators because of the fear of reporting violent behaviour to the teachers at school. The study applied the qualitative research method to explain the fears and inability to report bullying incidents by learners living with disabilities. Snowball sampling was used to select the study population within different schools, with a sample of about 11 learners considered. An exploratory research design was adopted in this study to explore the challenges experienced by the victims of bullying with regard to the fears of reporting bullying incidents. The study has adopted the interview as an instrument for collecting data. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the information collected from the learners living with disabilities. The study has observed the ethical considerations to ensure respect for the rights of the participants and universal observations for studies that involve human beings.

This study explored the role of ICT in preserving proverbs among Vhavenda communities. From time immemorial, proverbs were valuable cultural practices of oral tradition, which were used to empower the young generation on morals, norms, behaviour, education, and other African values. It has been noticed that due to modernisation and lack of preservation, proverbs have been abounded by the majority of Vhaven?a youths, which seems to be resulting in moral degeneration because youth no longer acquire moral knowledge and skills through proverbs. This study grounded by diffusion of innovation theory. This study intended to adopt a qualitative research design. Therefore, participants were selected through purposive sampling. Furthermore, semi-structured was used to collect data. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse data. The envisioned findings of the study could be convenient in preserving the Vhaven?a proverbs.

The adoption and use of ICT have increased drastically in developed countries, but it cannot be said that it lags in developing countries. ICT evolution has introduced e-commerce services for users, but these services fail because of low user acceptance and user attitude, especially in developing nations. The security and trustworthiness of e-commerce are known to be of the most significant concern to people intending to use e-commerce services.  The study looked at the role of individual characteristics on how cyber-security and trust issues affect non-users of e-commerce systems' intention to use e-commerce systems in South Africa.  The effect of cyber security on consumers’ intentions and actual use of e-commerce systems was examined. This study used a quantitative research approach. The findings revealed that perceived security and perceived trust was the primary concern for non-users of e-commerce intentions. It was shown that e-commerce system users are still concerned about security, even though they intend to continue using e-commerce systems. For the success of e-commerce in rural communities, the government needs to join with retailers and SMEs to start awareness campaigns that will clarify how e-commerce systems work and eradicate negative perceptions of e-commerce systems.

This paper aims to investigate how moral and matriarchal leadership might enhance the continent's environment for democracy, improving living and working conditions. African nations historically esteemed the influence of matriarchs; nevertheless, their representation in politics and business has diminished significantly. Africa possesses abundant resources and numerous enduring challenges. Implementing matriarchal leadership paradigms may facilitate the discovery of previously untested solutions. This study employs many research methodologies, including qualitative and quantitative approaches, to comprehensively examine the influence of matriarchal leadership on African governance. In-depth interviews and case studies are employed in the qualitative segment to examine the challenges, experiences, and achievements of women leaders throughout various regions of Africa.

This article examines the philosophies that South Africa can adopt from specific high-growth nations to reinstate its "developmental state" paradigm. In the post-Apartheid period, following South Africa's liberation from the governing National Party, numerous initiatives were suggested to rejuvenate the nation and enhance its presence on both national and global stages. The newly established ANC government, under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, formulated and implemented several people-centric policies and strategic initiatives. The administration embraced "developmental state" ideals, believing that state economic engagement may improve its ability to address the legacy of apartheid, especially the challenges of poverty, unemployment, and widespread inequalities. Nevertheless, despite three decades of democracy, the purported "developmental state" continues to exhibit numerous governance and socioeconomic issues, including elevated poverty rates, social inequality, disparate land access, unemployment, and disparities in public service availability. The discourse on South Africa's status as a "developmental state" persists, along with enquiries into how the nation may realign itself to achieve its goal of being a "developmental state." This document seeks to compile methods that South Africa could use based on examples from selected high-growth nations. This paper will examine how South Africa might reverse its economic decline, the necessary institutional and structural reforms, and the social and political contexts required to establish itself as a more credible "developmental state". This research utilises a qualitative secondary analysis of existing textual data regarding the relationship between South Africa, the "developmental state," and the chosen high-growth countries.

The secretive conduct of entrepreneurs regarding their business success undermines the principles of openness, transparency, and honesty, which are essential in entrepreneurship as they foster accountability, responsible business practices, and ethical behaviour. The research seeks to examine the degree to which entrepreneurs reveal information regarding their business success to various stakeholders. The research employed an interpretative perspective and a qualitative methodology. Purposive sampling was employed to choose entrepreneurs managing SMMEs in the Limpopo Province. An inductive methodology was employed to obtain comprehensive data regarding the communication of entrepreneurial success by firm owners. ATLAS.ti 8 was employed for data analysis. The findings indicated that entrepreneurs convey their success to diverse stakeholders, including relatives, friends, and business networks, by sharing best practices and inspiring others to pursue entrepreneurial endeavours. This study has discovered that the disclosure of success primarily occurs when entrepreneurs seek funding or loans from banks and the government. Standard communication with authorities was identified as another method by which entrepreneurs report their success to the South African Revenue Services during tax return submissions. This study found that entrepreneurs' perceptions of success vary in their communications with different stakeholders. The work offered significant contributions to the existing literature and future research from a theoretical standpoint.

The proverb, Tsiwana i laiwa ndilani”, was used in Vhavenda speaking communities to encourage children to be attentive and receptive to guidance and advice from anyone offering moral and ethical values. This paper aims is to explore how Vhaven?a people used the proverb Tsiwana i laiwa n?ilani. The reason of implementing it was to promote collective responsibilities of raising children with a set of values and manners desirable to society. A qualitative narrative inquiry was used, and data was collected through semi-structured interview. All Vhavenda speaking elders participated in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select six Vhavenda speaking elders who are knowledgeable with the use of the proverb. Data were merged into relevant themes using thematic analysis and coding also applied. This study was grounded by Symbolic Interactionism with Mead Theory as its theoretical framework. The proverb Tsiwana i laiwa n?ilani was the launching proverb for elders to express themselves about instilling norms and values in young children. Main findings of the study demonstrate that (i) a proverb Tsiwana i laiwa n?ilani is an idiom, (ii) it takes a village to raise an African child and finally a child is not an orphan per se. The study recommended that any adults who come across a misbehaving child, should feel free to instil guidance and advice as a way of promoting the cultural norms and values amongst the Vhavenda youth. It is also recommended that the programme to revive ndayo was suggested which encourages a collaborative effort between families, communities, schools, churches, and relevant government departments.

Researchers continue to conduct research within South African indigenous communities pertaining indigenous knowledge with little consideration of the existing indigenous research methodologies. This little consideration continues to exist because these indigenous research methodologies are merely taught in universities and the approach that is often used by most university researchers in conducting research on indigenous communities has elements of coloniality such as power that rests on the researchers over the communities where communities are labelled as the researched than contributors. This paper provides reflections on the participatory action research study conducted on the lenses of indigenous research paradigm in Ga-Mamabolo in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The reflections concludes that the indigenous research paradigm offers a suitable roadmap for conducting research in indigenous communities. The contradicting research language between the western and indigenous paradigm is presented to improve the practice of research in indigenous communities. Research in indigenous communities is often conducted with little or no consideration of collaboration with the indigenous people. Thus, this paper contends that the review of existing Western research ethics may lay a foundation for new ethics that are culturally sensitive and promoting collaboration on research that affects the indigenous people.

The study focused on strategies of interfacing traditional health and western in fight against Coronavirus. Experts contend that government agencies and health officials should collaborate with traditional healers rather than oppose them to successfully tackle COVID-19. Various stakeholders appear to be undermining South Africa's traditional health care system, which served as the indigenous people's major source of healthcare. The indigenous health care system and its methods are being demonized by youth and certain scientific institutions because they are linked to witchcraft and other wicked customs. The researcher noticed that, in the twenty-first century, there appeared to be an idea of interfacing Traditional Health Practices (THPs) with Western doctors. It appears that basic healthcare systems were provided by traditional medical professionals in civilizations prior to the arrival of colonialism. The objective of the study was as follows, to determine strategies of interfacing traditional health and western health in the fight against COVID-19, The study adopted an employ African healing theory and appreciative Inquiry. The study used a qualitative research design and was exploratory in nature. Data was generated using observation and semi-structured interviews as data collection instruments. The finding of the study showed that some people consult traditional healers during the night because they do not want to be seen, and some still believe that traditional healers consist of witchcraft. The study recommend that education could make our community conscious of the conventional health care system and work to make youth and scientific groups be able to know and understand the importance of traditional health care system, integration of traditional health and western healthcare system in the fight against coronavirus and Funding traditional health care system.

This study examines Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and brand loyalty within South African consumer marketplaces. This study investigates the relationship between CSR activities and customer behaviour, focussing on the influence of CSR on trust, satisfaction, and loyalty. The socio-economic and historical context of South Africa influences consumer attitudes towards corporate social responsibility, distinguishing it from other global markets. This study advocates for ongoing impact evaluations and stakeholder engagement to enhance the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility initiatives in both business and governmental contexts.

SMMEs in the Vhembe district encounter distinct problems, such as restricted access to financing, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient support services. This study examines the impact of entrepreneurial leadership traits, including innovation, risk-taking, and proactive decision-making, on corporate outcomes such as growth, competitiveness, and sustainability. The study examined the correlation between leadership types and business success to provide actionable recommendations for governments and business leaders in promoting entrepreneurial leadership. The research utilised a qualitative methodology to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial leadership on small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in the Vhembe district. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with 16 leaders of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs), offering a varied perspective across multiple industries and business scales. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial leadership substantially influences SMMEs in the Vhembe District, with transformational and collaborative approaches improving financial and non-financial performance, innovation, and customer satisfaction. The study indicates that implementing transformational and collaborative leadership styles can markedly enhance financial performance, innovation, and customer happiness for SMMEs in the Vhembe District. This research provides novel perspectives on entrepreneurial leadership by examining the distinct setting of the Vhembe District. It contests prevailing ideas by emphasising the necessity for a leadership strategy adapted to local dynamics and market conditions. The study's novelty and significance stem from its distinctive emphasis on the Vhembe District, providing a novel viewpoint on entrepreneurial leadership.

Despite the stigma surrounding cannabis, discourse has evolved, and it is now recognised as a viable economic commodity, reflecting a substantial transformation in societal attitudes. Several African countries have been exploring the industrial possibilities of medicinal hemp as a facet of economic development. This study aimed to examine the potential advantages of cannabis commercialisation in Limpopo province, South Africa. The study utilised a descriptive design and qualitative technique, focussing on cannabis enterprises. Snowball sampling was utilised to acquire a sample of 20 individuals. The sample size was determined by data saturation. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and thematically analysed using ATLAS.ti 23 software. The results indicate that the creation of cannabis cultivation and processing businesses may produce job opportunities, stimulate economic expansion, and promote community development. Furthermore, the cannabis industry presents substantial income generation prospects, especially for rural agriculturists, and has the capacity to augment tax revenue for local authorities. The research indicates that cannabis commercialisation could yield advantageous socio-economic results, such as poverty reduction, provided that stringent regulations and extensive community engagement are established. The research emphasises the importance of addressing legal and social equity challenges to ensure the sustainability of these benefits.  

The amalgamation of traditional and modern governance systems represents a transformative advancement in contemporary African government. This study examines the concept of "hybridity governance" within the African context, providing a comprehensive theoretical framework that integrates modern institutional procedures with traditional governance systems. The paper examines the evolution of African governance from pre-colonial to post-colonial eras, illustrating the emergence of hybrid governance as a response to internal dynamics and external influences. It accomplishes this by utilising historical studies. The philosophical underpinnings are investigated, highlighting organisational and social concepts that elucidate the acceptance of hybrid models. The paper elucidates the applications, accomplishments, and challenges of hybrid government in several African nations through various empirical case studies. A critical examination examines the consequences of these governance paradigms for public administration in Africa. It underscores opportunities for innovation and enhanced flexibility, while also emphasising intrinsic challenges such as job ambiguity and conflict. The report concludes with forecasts regarding the future trajectory of hybrid governance in Africa, considering the interplay of local socio-political dynamics, global interconnectedness, and technological advancements. This article serves as a vital resource for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders interested in the evolving governance paradigm in Africa, providing valuable applications and recommendations.  

This research paper delves into the pervasive issue of the digital divide within African indigenous communities, specifically focusing on access to African Indigenous digital games. Employing Participatory Action Research (PAR) as the primary data generation approach, this study emphasises the collaborative involvement of community members in identifying, understanding, and addressing the challenges they face. The philosophical foundation of Ubuntu, with its emphasis on interconnectedness, mutual care, and communal support, underpins the research methodology, ensuring that the study remains deeply rooted in African values and perspectives. The digital divide in African Indigenous communities is a multifaceted issue, stemming from various socio-economic, infrastructural, and educational barriers. These barriers hinder the effective dissemination and adoption of digital technologies, including digital games that are culturally significant and educational. By leveraging the principles of Ubuntu, the research engages community members as co-researchers, ensuring that their voices, experiences, and insights are integral to the study. This approach not only enhances the authenticity and relevance of the findings but also empowers the communities to take ownership of the solutions developed. The study advocates for the development of digital game centres in indigenous communities which may be used as centre for accessing digital African indigenous games.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated significant adjustments across various sectors globally, and the education sector was no exception. To adhere to social distancing requirements and ensure continuity in education, E-learning emerged as a viable solution, offering a glimmer of hope in these challenging times. However, this strategy brought its own set of challenges. This study aimed to explore the experiences of students with E-learning, particularly focusing on the obstacles and benefits encountered. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing an exploratory research design to gather comprehensive insights. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, focusing on five University of Venda students registered for the 2021 academic year. Data collection was conducted via one-to-one semi-structured interviews, which allowed for detailed and nuanced responses. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected data, identifying key themes and patterns in the students' experiences. The findings highlighted various challenges, such as limited access to reliable internet, lack of digital devices, and difficulties in maintaining motivation and engagement in a virtual learning environment. Despite these challenges, some students appreciated the flexibility and convenience offered by E-learning, highlighting its potential. The study underscores the need for improved infrastructure and support systems to enhance the E-learning experience. These insights can inform policymakers and educational institutions in developing more effective strategies to support students in a digital learning landscape, ensuring that the benefits of E-learning are maximized while minimizing its drawbacks. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on the adaptation of education systems in response to global crises, emphasizing the importance of resilience and adaptability in educational practices.

The study explored the experiences of unemployed graduates at Vleifontein Village Elim in Makhado Local Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa. To achieve the mandate of the study, the researcher adopted a unique qualitative research approach, which gathered in-depth data from the participants. This approach, distinct in its focus on understanding the experiences of unemployed graduates, aided in the elevated understanding of the research problem.  The study adopted an exploratory qualitative research design to gather or collect data from the participants, and the researcher used semi-structured interviews consisting of open-ended questions administered face-to-face to observe gestures, emotions, feelings, or even how they react to the questions. Furthermore, purposive sampling was used to select the sample that formed part of the interviews. Additionally, the study adopted the Conflict theory by Karl Marx to integrate with the study. Therefore, the findings of the study deduced that most of the participants understood the meaning of unemployment as their current socio-economic state, both from a financial and psychological perspective. Moreover, on the issue of the challenges, the findings deduced that they are not experienced and skilled enough for the jobs they are applying for. In that light, the study emphasizes the need for increased employment opportunities to minimize the negative impacts faced by unemployed graduates, which includes specialized training of graduates to render services that would make it easier for the graduates to find employment.

The prevalence of mental health illness is on the rise throughout the world. Mental health is increasingly one of the most overwhelming conditions that has an effect on the social functioning of individuals and families within communities. Mental Health Care Act, No 17 of 2002 of the South African government provides for the protection of individuals and communities against mental health. Still, people continue to experience mental health problems at a high rate. Social workers have a fundamental role to play in improving mental health services and outcomes for communities. Social work services have the potential to improve the lives of people with mental health conditions and build resilience in individuals and families. Resilience is a critical technique that assists individuals to function properly despite the challenges they may have experienced.  Research has shown that people with mental health problems struggle to return back to normality. This article aims to explore the roles of social work intervention in promoting mental health and resilience in communities. The study was conducted by analyzing research or studies related to mental health and resilience. The study carried out comprehensive desktop electronic research to gather data and themes from previous studies. The analysis showed that mental health is still a major concern, and social workers have an important role to play in building resilience for individuals and families.

The phenomenon of 'massification in higher education ', which refers to the significant increase in the number of students enrolling in universities, has made it difficult for inclusive education to be attainable owing to unknown reasons that are encumbering the students living with disability from having a sense of belonging. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between students living with disability and social justice through inclusivity in higher education with the aid of Assistive Technology (AT) to conceptualise a framework. The researchers employed a mixed methods approach to collect and analyse data statistically and descriptively. The requirements for integrating the model to ease the lack of consideration of students living with disability in the digital age were evaluated and critically reviewed regarding its impact on students’ sense of belonging in the digital age. The major findings from this study elucidate the factors perceived as the central requirements for mitigating the lack of inclusivity and social justice in higher education. The procurement of ATs was topical as most respondents (83%) categorically opined the need to improve this process by making timely purchases of the proper ATs from reliable service providers.  The successful implementation of this framework could significantly enhance the educational experience of students with disabilities at the University of Venda, making it a more inclusive and supportive learning environment. The findings on the appropriateness of ATs for students overwhelmingly indicated that many of the available devices and technologies meant to assist learners were not fit for the tasks they were intended for. The university should establish a procurement committee and a high-level action plan outlining the requirements for delivering assistive products & services.

The South African English language curriculum states that by the time students reach Grade 7, they should have mastered certain English language skills that enable them to communicate effectively at both personal and educational levels. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the potential benefits of code-switching in improving students' oral participation in English classes. The study took place in a primary school in the Malamulele East circuit and involved all fifty Grade 7 students. The students' oral presentations were part of their formative assessment. Researchers used a rigorous methodology, including convenience sampling, to select participants, with the first ten girls and the first ten boys considered for the study. Data was collected during presentations, where each student had an opportunity to present. The qualitative method was used, with audio recordings and observations as data collection tools. Content analysis was employed to analyse the data collected from the Grade 7 students. Based on the students' performance in their oral presentations, code-switching seemed to help them to effectively communicate complex concepts in their primary language when there were no equivalent English words. The findings of this study showed that code-switching enhances students' oral communication skills and makes learning more enjoyable. students achieve their communication goals through code-switching, offering the audience a hopeful outlook on the potential benefits of this approach.

The sociotechnical challenges primarily faced by students with disabilities are significantly hindering their active participation in academic programs. This study, therefore, holds immense importance as it aims to examine these challenges and evaluate the factors influencing the introduction of Assistive Technology in response to these issues. The researchers have used a to delve deep into these challenges and establish potential mitigation strategies for fostering inclusive education and a supportive learning environment. This study uses quantitative and qualitative data to understand factors influencing the integration of ATs in inclusive education. As a result, the study's findings, particularly the absence of a framework in the university disability unit, which is responsible for guiding the use and integration of AT, are crucial for understanding the current state of affairs. The delays in acquiring and delivering ATs result in students missing out on learning how to use the technologies. The use of ATs in the university was affected by the lack of training of lecturers who taught the students living with disabilities. Although there are ATs in the disability unit, they seem to be used by students who need urgent support and who need it in a limited time. Due to these factors, the study concluded that several factors influenced the integration of ATs in inclusive education at the university, and these need to be addressed urgently. This paper recommends that training should be conducted with lecturers and students to use ATs for learning and teaching purposes.