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Kenya’s Startup ecosystem has experienced tremendous growth over the last ten years. Further, Kenya’s startups have also been among the top-funded in the continent during the same period – attracting financing of between USD 300 million – over USD 3 billion. However, there is currently a lack of granular data guiding policies on the startup ecosystem in Kenya. Hence this Paper traces startup successes and pitfalls of the Ten years (2010-2020) Period in Kenya. The study utilized cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. The target population was start-ups registered in the 47 Counties in Kenya. A total of 104 startups participated in the study. A mix of sampling techniques was used, namely cluster-stage, systematic, purposive, and snow-balling sampling techniques, to select the respondents for the study. Data were analyzed using Content analysis descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The findings indicated that startup innovation hubs emerged in Nairobi in 2010 but offer time, which spurred the mushrooming of startups, seats, and co-working spaces with decentralization to significant towns in the country. The Kenyan startup ecosystem has experienced tremendous growth for the last two decades, growing from 10% in the 2000-2010 to 80% in 2010-2020. However, access to financing remains the biggest challenge for startups because of the risk associated with it, especially for early-stage startups. To strengthen the growth of the startup ecosystem, the government, through the statement of Kenya National Innovation Agency, should ensure the development of policies tailored towards startups. The national government should provide matching funds and establish an Inter-county collaboration framework to ensure skills transfer within and among the counties.

Entrepreneurial orientation (ENO), social network ties (SOT) and market intelligence generation (MIT) are independently modeled as distinct antecedents of entrepreneurial intention (EIN). However, the intervening variables for such models are typically under-explored in their applicability to university students in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the present study argues that ENO impacts EIN, primarily explained by SOT and MIT. Using cross-sectional data gathered from university students in Ghana, a sub-Saharan African country, our findings reveal that ENO has both direct and indirect relationships with EIN. Thus, this relationship is mainly mediated when students build and develop social network ties (SOT) instead of gathering marketing intelligence (MIT).

This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in South Africa, specifically in the Gauteng province. The study adopted a qualitative research approach by making use of semi-structured interviews with 15 female entrepreneurs operating in the learner transport industry in the Gauteng province. A non-probability sampling approach was adopted by means of convenience sampling. Data was analysed through thematic content analysis, using Atlas.ti.  Findings from the study indicated that female entrepreneurs in the learner transport industry face several challenges such as high operational costs, a male-dominated industry, being disrespected or undermined by customers, a lack of trust and commitment, being belittled, as well as a lack of opportunity awareness. Participants also indicated a need for government intervention in the industry due to prevailing working conditions. The findings of the study contribute both to the industry, as well as the existing body of knowledge. The findings from the study will assist the national government to collaborate with regional governmental transport agencies, as well as with regional industry associations in an effort to improve the working environment for female entrepreneurs, as well as grow the learner transport industry in a more structured and regulated manner. The industry, despite being regulated by regional transport associations, is currently unstructured.

This paper aims to develop a critical approach to the conceptualization of start-ups in emerging markets from a Kenyan perspective. This study used a theoretical route to conceptualize start-ups in emerging markets like Kenya. From the findings, it is important to note that the conceptualization of start-up is based on western concepts and might be flawed and poorly applicable to businesses in Kenya. Hence in the Kenyan context, a start-up should be viewed as an innovative business entity, which is scalable and has survived up to 3-5 years. To support the growth of the start-up ecosystem in Kenya, policymakers should promote start-ups through the formation of relevant legislation and provide incentives that stimulate their survival and growth. The study has brought out some interesting findings which can generate more debate. The study used an exploratory research design which is not conclusive in nature therefore future research should consider using a research design that is conclusive in nature and robust.

The study aimed to examine the effect of family business background and entrepreneurial education background on the business intention of the fourth-year students. To deepen the understanding of the topic and to establish the theories of the study, literature was reviewed. It used a descriptive correlational research design. The population of the study was the fourth-year students and total enumeration was applied. The results of the study indicate that family business and entrepreneurial education background are correlated significantly with the business intention of the students. It further found that students who have a family business background and entrepreneurial education background have higher business intention compared to those who have no both.

Entrepreneurs play pivotal roles that affect the economy. These roles are job creation, wealth generation, economic growth, and innovation. According to WorldBank data, they account for around 90% of enterprises and more than half of all jobs in the globe. In emerging economies, formal SMEs account for up to 40% of national income (GDP). The prolonged effects of the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in job losses have encouraged even the Filipino Generation Z to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This supports various studies conducted by research firms recently that 54% of Generation Z wanted to start their own business venture. Thus, this research aims to determine the influence of entrepreneurial attitude, social valuation, entrepreneurial skills, and entrepreneurial knowledge on entrepreneurial intention.  There were 110 Generation Z respondents who answered the adopted survey questionnaire. The researchers were able to secure permission from the original author to use the research instrument. The research utilized a quantitative research design primarily descriptive-correlational. The data were processed using regression analysis to test the relationship of variables.  The regression results preceded the acceptance of the 4 hypotheses which means that entrepreneurial attitude, social valuation, entrepreneurial skills, and entrepreneurial knowledge significantly influence entrepreneurial intention.  The results will be considerably useful to academics to promote entrepreneurship from high school to college level, to future entrepreneurs in identifying the factors that influence entrepreneurial intention, to the government and its regulators for policy development, and to researchers who plan to expand the literature on the entrepreneurial mind.

The purpose of this study was to explore the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among the Tanzanian Higher Business Education Graduates (HBE). The motivation for the study was because, despite the integration of entrepreneurship education (EE) in every degree programme, still many graduates had been unemployed. This cross-sectional study is based on primary data. An in-depth interview was conducted with a sample of 21 HBE graduates from various HBE institutions.  Primary data collection was done using in-depth interview guide questions physically done by the researcher.  Snowball and purposive sampling approaches were employed to identify respondents for this study. Content analysis method with the aid of NVivo version 11 software package was used to analyse the qualitative data. The study identifies five important antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions, namely, interpersonal traits, EE through competency-based training, planning and focus, successful groups which are close to a prospective entrepreneur, and government support. The findings task entrepreneurship educators, role models, close groups, professional supporters, and the government to concurrently foster the combinations of EE and other factors which were revealed to have the highest predictive power on entrepreneurial intention in the process of nurturing and psychologically developing the students’ entrepreneurial careers of self-reliance and self-employment. This research is novel and contributes to the body of knowledge in the existing antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions: given the emphasis on residual and new antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions essential for promoting the start-ups by the HBE graduates and enabling them to employ themselves.

This study sought to establish the moderating effect of social entrepreneurs’ gender on the contribution of social enterprises to social transformation in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey design guided by mixed methods research on 322 sampled social enterprises drawn from a target population of 1944 social enterprises distributed across the 12 sub-counties of Kiambu County. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and interview guide instruments.  A simple random sampling technique was used to get the proportionate sample for each stratum.  In data analysis, both descriptive statistics (mean, percentages, standard deviation and frequencies) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis) were applied. The findings showed the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable being explained by R of 0.568. The findings also revealed that social entrepreneurs’ gender was likely to have an effect on the relationship between social entrepreneurship and social transformation of R2 = 0.322. By the estimates of the F-test, social entrepreneurship was found to predict social transformation by F (3, 281) = 77.330, p<.05.

The study sought to assess the importance of classifying incubators based on the programs offered for optimum performance. Client selection criteria were assessed through three constructs namely: models that fit program goals, uniqueness of ideas, and standard selection tool. A mixed cross-sectional and causal design was adopted and a census was carried out targeting all the 51 incubators. Primary data was collected with an incubator program as a grouping/ cluster variable yielding a multilevel data structure with incubator centres nested in programs. Linear mixed effect models were fitted using Stata to assess the study objective taking into account the fixed effects for the incubator centre level (level-1) and random effects for the program level (level-2). The uniqueness of ideas was found to have a significant fixed effect on performance at level one while at level two, the study found significant random intercepts of incubator centre performance across the programs. Models that match program goals and standard selection tools were also found to have significant random slopes as level two random covariates in the model. Based on the findings of significant random slopes, the study concluded that incubator classification is key for client selection criteria and enhances incubator performance.

This study aims to (i) analyze desired characteristics of successful start-up entrepreneurs in Prachuap Kirikhan province, (ii) compare desired characteristics of successful start-up entrepreneurs in Prachuap Kirikhan province according to gender, age, educational background, investment, budget capital, entrepreneur experience, and a number of staff, and (iii) study additional suggestions. The research samples were 140- start-up entrepreneurs in Prachuap Kirikhan province derived through the Simple Random Sampling technique. The instruments used for collecting the data were the rating scale and open-ended questionnaire. Frequency, mean scores, Standard Deviation, t-Test, F-test, and content analysis were used for data analysis. The findings were (i) Desired characteristics of successful start-up entrepreneurs were at a high level (ii) Success of start-up business were ranked according to gender, educational background and number of staff and (iii) the additional suggestions were remarkably emphasized on using past and present experiences to adapt with the business; using technological advancement to reach a wider target group, and using new creativity and risk-taking to make a brand uniqueness.   

The Entrepreneurship Education Program (EEPs) of Indonesia’s higher education has not been effective. The study aims to identify the extent to which EEPs in Indonesia was developed and propose several alternative schemes. The research uses the methodology of traditional narrative literature review and interviews with young entrepreneurs as the output of the EEPs higher education program in Indonesia. The analysis technique is done with an interactive model with steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusions.  The literature study is intended for the latest research information that evaluates the effect of EEPs on the formation of EM and the formation of new entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the information is verified by the results of the interview data processing. Entrepreneurship education for multidisciplinary students, business incubators, funding provision, and program sustainability studies is the result of research as a proposal for the development of higher education EEPs. This program is part of a long-term solution to addressing labor problems in Indonesia.

Entrepreneurs become the foundation for a stable economic recovery. The health sector, especially nursing, can be transformed to be more innovative base on personal characteristics. The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of individual traits (locus of control, need for achievement, creativity & risk-taking) on entrepreneurial intentions in wound care clinicians in Indonesia. This study applied a cross-sectional survey design with 205 Wound Care Clinician in Indonesia and analysis using SmartPLS Version 3.0.  This research shows correlation and influence between the variables a direct need for achievement and creativity on entrepreneur intention, while locus of control and risk-taking are indirect. This study's results serve as a reference for wound care clinicians in making decisions to build their own business in nursing

Recognising the relevance of entrepreneurship, most African universities have made significant input into delivering Entrepreneurial Education in Higher Educational Institutions. However, the rising number of graduate unemployment raises concerns with regard to quality of educational content, and programmes. This study sought to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship course content on entrepreneurial intention and the mediation of individual entrepreneurial characteristics and also to investigate if graduates’ exposure to extra entrepreneurship training and university programme type does account for differences in individual entrepreneurial characteristics. A context-specific framework that explains entrepreneurial intention as a function of course content, programmes type, and extra entrepreneurial training is tested based on data from 400 undergraduate students and 400 graduates from eight Ghanaian universities. Evidence from the model reveals that entrepreneurial course content did impact entrepreneur Intention, however, this impact is partially mediated by the attitudes, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms of Ghanaian students and graduates. Again, while it was found that extra entrepreneurial training did account for differences in individual entrepreneurial characteristics and entrepreneurial intention of graduates, the difference due to programme type was not significant. Theoretical, policy and practical implications findings of this study are discussed.

The growing number of café businesses makes undergraduate students attracting to the enterprise. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) on entrepreneurial intention with the mediating role of attitude toward entrepreneurship. This study is providing questionnaires on the respondent. Total respondents are from 92 undergraduate students as the owner of a cafe business in Surabaya, Indonesia. This study examines two hypotheses by smart PLS. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy has a significant and positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Attitude toward entrepreneurial is partially mediating the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy with entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy includes beliefs about the capabilities of achieving desired outcomes as well as beliefs about one's abilities to complete tasks. ESE is crucial to building entrepreneurial intention because the survival of a business does not merely depend on success but also seeks opportunities in business development. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a crucial factor that should be had by the undergraduate student as an owner of a business. By having a higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the better impact on an entrepreneur has perceived competence for successfully starting a new enterprise.

This paper was anchored on a pragmatic research paradigm. The study used a cross-sectional survey where a self-semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect the primary data from the target population who were youth-owned SMEs. The study was limited to 135 youth-owned enterprises where 357 employees were selected randomly to form the study sample; the key respondents of the study were limited to owner-managers of small and micro enterprises and top management employees. The questionnaires were tested for reliability and validity. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between youth-owned. The study revealed that entrepreneurship networking has a significant effect on the performance of the agro-processing SMEs owned by the youths. However, there is a need for SMEs to further establish networks outside their business circle and seek networks with other bigger firms in the market. The study, therefore, recommends that there is a need for SMEs to invest more in social media marketing and networking of the SMEs for improved performance.

Science-based firms (SBFs) are venture or corporation based on the development and commercialization of scientific discoveries that are exposed to the unique challenge to handle together business and science. Despite extensive efforts in the attempt to identify those factors that lead to the success of an SBFs the adoption of different definitions and names resulted in a lack of comprehensive picture on the determinants of SBFs' performances. With the objective to review the extant literature on SBFs’ performances and to understand what are the most appropriate parameters to evaluate an SBF, a systematic literature review adopting a comprehensive definition of SBFs was performed. The review, adopting an integrative approach, identified 30 papers published in top journals whose research questions deal with the determinants of SBFs' performances. Findings showed that determinants widely used such as net income within profitability measures, do not fully reflect SBFs performances and innovation abilities should be further investigated. Moreover, preconceived factors such as location and size have low or no impact on SBFs which opens the debate for more investigation. Also, the review identifies a comprehensive and multi-level set of determinants which allows delineating a number of research questions to be addressed in future research.

This research was conducted to explore the factors predicting the Entrepreneurial Intention among female entrepreneurs in the Balinese tourism industry. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework was utilised as the mediating variables, while Exposure to Role Models, Psychological Characteristics, Entrepreneurship Education, and Access to Financial Capital are used as the exogenous variables. This study used a quantitative method by employing the Likert scale for the questionnaires with a total of 352 respondents and analysed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). This study found that Psychological Characteristics and Entrepreneurship Education had an indirect influence on Entrepreneurial Intention through the mediating variables of Personal Attitude and Perceived Behavioural Control. Access to Financial Capital was also found to have an indirect influence on Entrepreneurial Intention with the Perceived Behavioural Control as the mediating variable

The study analyzed whether family influence, gender, and entrepreneurial education would influence vocational students’ desire to become entrepreneurs. A survey was conducted in 6 vocational schools in Tasikmalaya, West Java, involving 246 vocational students. Using multiple regression analysis, findings show that entrepreneurial education has the highest influence (57.5%) shaping entrepreneurial intention among vocational students, while gender account for 30% influence on students’ entrepreneurial intention.  Male and female students believed that they must be given the same opportunities for entrepreneurship, yet there are feminine and masculine attributes that differentiate successful entrepreneurial plans between genders. Lastly, findings show that family background has the least influence (16%) on entrepreneurial intentions. Respondents disclosed that there are many choices open to them aside from being entrepreneurs, and they would opt for this choice instead of following their parents. Nevertheless, they believe in family support through advice and access to capital. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed. This study has shown evidence that entrepreneurship can be a solution to Indonesia’s high unemployment problem for young vocational students, but this entails better entrepreneurial education, the provision of gender-equal opportunities for males and female students, and enhanced family support for entrepreneurial ventures.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a critical role in addressing social ills like poverty, employment, and food insecurity; therefore, their growth prospects enhance their ability to address these social ills. Discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities amongst the agro-based NGOs has not got the desired attention, and it is the least researched area in social entrepreneurship. This study investigated the relationship between Entrepreneurial Opportunity Discovery Dimensions and Growth of Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya. It employed correlation design and was anchored on the Kirznerian Entrepreneurship Theory. The target population was 135 agro-based NGOs in Kenya. A mixed-method approach was used, combined qualitative and quantitative techniques. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS graphic-25) aided in the analysis. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS and Simple linear regression analysis were the primary analysis techniques used to evaluate the relationship between entrepreneurial opportunity discovery dimensions and the growth of NGOs. The results indicated that alertness0.372, p=0.033)and prior knowledge (0.163, p=0.031) have a significant favorable influence on growth, while social networks 0.047, p=0.713) showed an insignificant effect on the growth of NGOs. Investing in acquiring alert individuals and helping them gain relevant knowledge in the 21sttechnologies and emerging issues can lead to increased NGO ability to continue serving the community effectively and be engines of development for the general good of Kenya.

Social entrepreneurship is a potential alternative to address social problems but social business still needs to be strengthened to provide far-reaching impact. One strategy to flourish is benchmarking against successful social enterpreneurs because previous studies show that entrepreneur’s competence is a determinant of small-medium business performance and growth. Social entrepreneur competencies which drive social business success and how these competencies are developed, unfortunately have not clear yet. This study aims to build a competency model for social entrepreneurs and to find out pattern (in method, period, sources) for developing competencies by studying successful Indonesian social entrepreneurs. The reports on social entrepreneur competency model presented in this paper. This research adopt qualitative approach using multiple case study design. Data collected by indepth interviewing 29 informants, studying documents and conducting field observation in eight cities. Results show that successful social entrepreneurs have shared competencies which indicate existence of social entrepreneur competency model. The result of this study complements empirical studies in social entrepreneurs’ competencies by showing competencies that drive success of social business i.e: Achievement orientation, Persistence, Initiative, Courage to take opportunities, Networking, Influencing others, Team leadership, Developing others, Teamwork-Colaboration, Orientation to help and serve others, Mission orientation, Affiliate interest, Creative problem solving. The finding has direct implication on social entrepreneur education and development programs included method, materials, design and sources of development because the competencies determine the success constitute mostly of attitudes, motives and traits instead of knowledge and skills.